Part II Graphenes

Graphenes are two-dimensional rme-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms, having a thickness of 0.34 nm, and are well known for electronic, mechanical, optical, thermal, and catalytic systems [5]. It has been used in the development of novel nanomaterials in various applications, such as electronic devices [4, 5, 160-162], nanoelectronics [163], composites [164], electron microscopy substrate materials [165], and catalysis [166]. While these applications have attracted attention of scientists in the nanomaterial area, the realization of potential applications is limited by difficulties in mass production of graphene. 

Graphene research has expanded quickly. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene [4]. 

Definition The recent definition of graphene can be given as a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon atoms, which is the basic building block of graphitic materials (i.e., fullerene, nanotube, graphite) [165]. 

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