Paraffin softeners

Process Oils, Plasticizers. Petroleum-based mbber process oils generally contain a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic components. These oils vary in composition from grade to grade, but most contain some unsaturated moieties and this unsaturation can compete with the polymer for curatives. Therefore, state of cure can be decreased. This is not easily detected because oil softens the compound which masks the loss of state of cure. 

Coal tar is the condensation product obtained by cooling to approximately ambient temperature, the gas evolved in the destmctive distillation of coal. It is a black viscous Hquid denser than water and composed primarily of a complex mixture of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons. It may contain phenoHc compounds, aromatic nitrogen bases and their alkyl derivatives, and paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Coal-tar pitch is the residue from the distillation of coal tar. It is a black soHd having a softening point of 30—180°C (86—359°F). 

Soon after World War II the hard thermoplastic floor tile was developed. These tiles use coumarone resins as a binder for the other ingredients, which may contain fibrous fillers such as asbestos, inert fillers such as china clay and softeners such as paraffin wax. 

Viscosities of concentrated suspensions of carbon black in a white mineral oil (Fisher "paraffin" oil of 125/135 Saybolt viscosity) were measured with a Brookfield viscometer as a function of OLOA-1200 content. Figure 13 shows the viscosities of dispersions with 30 w%, 35 w% and 70 w% carbon black. In all cases the viscosity fell rapidly as the 0L0A-1200 content increased from 0 to 1%, then fell more gradually and levelled off as the 0L0A-1200 content approached 2%. In many respects the reduction in viscosity with increasing OLOA-1200 content parallels the conductivity measurements both phenomena are sensing the buildup of the steric barrier, and this steric barrier weakens, softens, and lubricates the interparticle contacts. As evidenced in foregoing sections, the particles are still flocculated but can be easily stirred and separated mechanically. The onset of electrostatic repulsion at OLOA-1200 contents in excess of 2.5% did not affect viscosities. 

III. Stool softener Liquid paraffin, docusate sodium... 

It is a petroleum hydrocarbon, an inert viscous liquid. It is a faecal softener and causes lubrication of hard scybali by coating them. Paraffin lubricates the passage of faeces. It is not absorbed and is safe. 

Most softeners consist of molecules with both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part. Therefore, they can be classified as surfactants (surface active agents) and are to be found concentrated at the fibre surfaces. Most softeners have a low water solubility. Therefore softening products are usually sold as oil in water emulsions containing 20-30 % solids. The softener molecules typically contain a long alkyl group, sometimes branched, of more than 16 and up to 22 carbon atoms, but most have 18 corresponding to the stearyl residue. Exceptions to this molecular structure are the special categories of silicones, paraffins and polyethylene softeners. About one-third of the softeners used in the textile industry are silicone based. 

Unsuitable (increased pilling) Most softeners, especially silicones Silicone eleastomerics and repellents Paraffin water repellents Antistats, if softening... 

Barry, B.W. Grace, A.J. Rheological and sensory evaluation of work softening and recovery of pharmaceutical white soft paraffins. J. Pharm. Sci. 1971, 60, 1198-1203. 

EmoIIients/hydrating agents soothe and soften the skin. They are incorporated into ointments and skin creams that are used to treat conditions where the skin is dry or flaky (e.g. eczema). They are usually fats or oils, such as lanolin and liquid paraffin, and can be combined with other hydrating agents, e.g. urea. 

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