2 Pam Chloride

Therapeutic Function Cholinesterase reactivator (antidote for nerve gas) Chemical Name 2-[(Hydroxyimino)methyl] -1-methylpyridinium chloride Common Name 2-PAM chloride Structural Formula ... 

PAM chloride - 2-pralidoxime chloride. See oxime, parasympathetic nervous system -the part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases pupil size, heart rate, and blood pressure and increases functions, such as secretion of saliva, tears, and perspiration. 

Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK) Also called the MARK I, containing atropine and 2 PAM chloride (Military). 

PAM Chloride Trade names protopam chloride, or pralidoxime chloride. 2-PAM chloride can be used in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning. 

Over-stimulation of nervous system 2-PAM chloride Malfunctioning of various organs Massive congestion of enzymes and fluids in all major organs of nervous system, particularly brain Death... 

Manifestations after Administration of 1-7 Doses (on Different Days) of 2-PAM (Chloride Form) to 79 Subjects3... 

A second subject (6849) experienced a grand mal seizure 3 h after receiving 300 mg of 2-PAM (chloride form) intramuscularly. He regained consciousness within 5 min he had bitten his tongue. He was initially lethargic, but felt well 10 h later. He was transferred to Walter Reed Hospital, but followup records are not available. He had received 300 mg of 2-PAM intramuscularly 5 and 8 d before the episode. The only symptom on those occasions was local pain at the injection site. 

Crook, J.W., Cresthull, P., O Neil, H.W., Oberst, F.W. 1962. Chronic Intravenous toxicity of oximes 2-PAM chloride and 2-PAM methanesulfonate to dogs and rabbits. CRDLR 3153. 

DiPalma, J.R., Zarro, V., Calesnlck, B., Christensen, J. 1963. Experimental analysis of the rise in blood pressure in dogs OOOsed by Intravenous 2-PAM chloride Interim Report, 26 December 1963, Contract No. DA-18-108-cml-6623. 

Local pain and increased creatine phosphoklnase in the blood follow intramuscular injection. Using 2-PAM chloride and saline, Sidell et al. showed that the degree of tissue injury was directly related to the osmolarity of the injected solutions when the volume was kept constant and directly related to the volume when the osmolarity was constant. However, under identical conditions, 2-PAM chloride was somewhat more Injurious than saline. 

Hepatic injury has been recorded in connection with 2-PAM (chloride), TMB-4 (chloride) and toxogonin. In the case of 2-PAM chloride, hepatic injury was manifest by transient increases in SGPT... 

Synonyms. 2-PAM Chloride 2-PAMCl Pyraloxime Chloride 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methochloride. 

PAM chloride, HI-6 and HGG 12 in soman and tabun poisoning. Fundam. Appl. 

Administration of 2-PAM chloride (protopam and pralidoxime) is generally not recommended in carbamate poisoning since it has been shown to interfere with the efficacy of atropine. It was reported that the condition of patients suffering carbaryl-related poisoning deteriorated rapidly following the administration of 2-PAM. Seizure control with diazepam, phenobarbital, or phenytoin may be required. Cardiovascular support and intensive supportive care may be required in serious cases. 

Boskovic B, Kovacevic V and Jovanovic D (1984). 2-PAM chloride, HI6 and HGG 12 in soman and tabun poisoning. Fund Appl Toxicol, 4, 106-115. 

Analysis of aqueous 2-PAM chloride solutions (300 mg ml-1) that were stored at room temperature for 10 years yielded 91% 2-PAM, 6.5% 2-carboxy-l-methylpyridinium chloride, 2.1% 2-aminocarbonyl-1 -methylpyridinium chloride and less than 7 /xgml 1 cyanide. The pH of the solution had dropped from 4.2 to about 1.0, which was attributed to the 2-carboxy-l-methylpyridinium chloride (Schroeder el al., 1989). For more details of 2-PAM decomposition the reader is referred to the specialist literature (Ellin, 1982 Fyhr el al., 1986 Holcombe, 1986 Utley, 1987). 

Table 3 shows the approximate shelf-lives of oxime preparations as anticipated for ready-to-use formulations. It is obvious that aqueous solutions of trimedoxime dichloride and obidoxime dichloride and, with certain reservations, 2-PAM chloride, are sufficiently stable and therefore suitable to be used in autoinjectors. From practical and economical considerations it is of minor importance if 10% of active material is lost during storage, provided that no toxic decomposition products arise. 2-PAM solutions subjected to higher temperatures and showing considerable decomposition were less toxic to mice than freshly prepared solutions (Kondritzer etal, 1961 Barkman et al, 1963). In fact, the most toxic product expected, cyanide, was present at less than 0.05%. 

Post-Exposure Therapy. The main principles of therapy for nerve agent poisoning are early treatment, assisted ventilation, bronchial suction, muscarinic cholinergic blockade (atropine), enzyme reactivation (2 Pam Chloride) and anticonvulsants (Diazepam). GD permanently binds to receptors in two minutes after that 2 PAM Cl is not useful. 

Romano, J.A., Terry, M., Murrow, M., and Mays, M., Protection from soman-induced lethality and incapacitation by atropine and 2-PAM chloride in the guinea pig, Cavia por-cellus, Drug Chem. Toxicol, 14, 21, 1991. 

Synonyms 2-[ (Hydroxyimino)methyll-I-methylpyti iniu chloride 2-PAM chloride... 

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