Palm detection

To validate the skin carotenoid RRS detection approach, we initially carried out an indirect validation experiment that compared HPLC derived carotenoid levels of fasting serum with RRS derived carotenoid levels for inner palm tissue sites. Measuring a large group of 104 healthy male and female human volunteers, we obtained a significant correlation (p < 0.001) with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 (Smidt et al. 2004). Recently, we carried out a direct validation study, in which we compared in vivo RRS carotenoid skin responses with HPLC-derived results, using the thick... 

In the quest for optimal FRET resolution in three dimensions [48, 49], one requires sophisticated algorithms for analyzing complex distributions [48, 50, 51], An issue of particular relevance when multiple probes [52-54] and multiparametric detection [26, 55] are employed. Strategies for spatial superresolution [56] have spawned a family of acronyms RESOLFT, STED, STORM, astigmatic STORM, PALM, fPALM, sptPALM, PALMIRA ([57-59] and other references), some of which involve systematic photoconversion or destruction. Undoubtedly, these techniques will be applied systematically to FRET imaging, and, conversely, one can anticipate that FRET mechanisms will be exploited for achieving superresolution. 

A low field shift of proton signals of the OH-group in A-(salicylidenephenyl-amine-A-oxides H-12.7-13.6 ppm) indicates the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The value of this shift depends on the pK value of the parent phenol (400). While studying solvation effects of 11 NMR spectra in a-(2-hydroxy-l-phenyl)-A-(4-substituted-phenyl)nitrones, a Koppel-Palm three-parameter correlation was detected (401). 

Que AH, Palm A, Baker AG, Novotny MV. 2000. Steroid profiles determined by capillary electrochromatography, laser-induced fluorescence detection and electrospray-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 887(1-2) 379-391. 

BDE 17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154 183 Palm oil Palm oil Extraction by dialysis in hexane using a semi-permeable membrane. Purification thorugh multilayer column filled with neutral silica, silica modified with sulfuric acid (44%, w/w), and silica modified with KOH. Gas Chromatography (VF-5MS Factor Four, Varian) IT-MS 0.07-1.3 pg (instrumental limit of detection) [42]... 

A nonaqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with refractive index (RI) detection was described and used for palm olein and its fractions obtained at 12.5°C for 12-24 h by Swe et al. (101). The objective of their research was to find the optimum separation for analysis of palm olein triglycerides by NARP-HPLC, and to find a correction factor to be used in calculating CN and fatty acid composition (FAC). The NARP-HPLC method used to determine the triglyceride composition was modified from the method of Dong DiCesare (88). Palm olein was melted completely at 70°C in an oven for 30 min prior to crystal-... 

Kilpatrick, Plasma Chromatography (Trademark) and Dynamite Vapor Detection , Contract DOT-FA 71-WA-2491, The Franklin GNQ Cor , West Palm Beach, Florida (1971) 28) Anon, Engrg-... 

Fig. 10.8. Isocratic electrochromatography of the oligosaccharide ladder in a capillary filled with a macroporous polyacrylamide/poly(ethylene glycol) matrix, derivatized with a C4 ligand (15%) and containing vinylsulfonic acid (10%). Conditions capillary, 500 mm (400 mm effective length) x 100 pm i.d. mobile phase, acetic acid 1 1000 containing 5% (v/v) acetonitrile field strength, 600 V/cm injection 5 s (100 V/cm) detection, LIF (helium-cadmium laser, excitation at 325 nm, emission at > 495 nm). Reproduced with permission from Palm and Novotny [36]. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.

With its development, HPLC was found to be useful in many authenticity determinations, either for the same or different components to those detected by GC. Triglycerides were the most immediate application. With the exception of milk fat, now that the major components of commercial fats can be completely separated by HPLC, the patterns of components can be analysed to detect adulteration. Cocoa butter adulteration with palm fractions can be detected by the presence of excess monounsaturated and diunsaturated components from the palm fraction, while more sophisticated products may be detected by measuring dipalmitoyl-monooleoyl glycerol (POP), palmitoyl-oleoyl-stearoyl glycerol (POS) and distearoyl-monooleoyl glycerol (SOS) components. In other oils, apart from the pattern of components, the presence of any significant level of... 

Non-refined oils are easier to detect and authenticate than organic oils, though the absence of a small percentage of some refined oil in the product would be difficult to prove. Where unrefined palm oil was adulterated with rapeseed has already been described above. Where an oil is authentic as to its source, but possibly at least partially refined, in order to check its authenticity, it would then be necessary to build up a database of the expected ranges of values for refined and non-refined oils. Chemical and physical techniques that should be checked are ... 

Iverson, J.L. (1972) Gas-liquid chromatographic detection of palm kernel and coconut oils in cacao butter. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 55, 1319-1322. 

In some cases, analysis of tocopherols can be used to detect adulteration of oil. Both palm oil and grapeseed oil are relatively unusual in containing significant levels of tocotrienols, which are absent or present at much lower levels in most vegetable oils (Table 6.3). Detection of these compounds can be used to identify adulteration in olive oil at levels as low as 2% (Dionisi et al., 1995). 

The versatility of the monolithic columns was demonstrated by Palm and Novotny for the separation of mono- and oligosaccharides [112]. The compounds were derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide followed by reductive amina-tion for LIF detection. The separation of the derivatized maltooligosaccharides was performed at pH 4. The derivatization reaction mixture was injected without any sample preparation into a macroporous polyacrylaminde/poly(ethylene glycol) column derivatized with butyl chains and vinylsulfonic acid. 

Of the three techniques, the PUF roller most closely approximates the human hand press in the quantities of pesticide residues collected per unit area of surface sampled, although it collects several times as much as the dry palm of the hand. The pliable foam sampling material, especially when wetted, more closely resembles human skin than the cotton fabrics used by the drag sled and California roller. However, since the transfer rates for the latter two devices are much higher than that of the PUF roller, they are less prone to yield non-detectable results in the field. 

Suramin forms stable complexes with plasma protein and is detectable in urine for up to 3 months after the last injection it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It may cause tiredness, anorexia, malaise, polyuria, thirst and tenderness of the palms and soles. 

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