Palladium modified electrode

Sensors based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NO by a modified layer (Ir02, palladium metalloporphyrin modified electrodes). 

The electrochemical hydrogenation of double bonds can be performed either electrocatalytically at Raney nickel, palladium, or platinum modified electrodes [32] or via electron transfer under Birch conditions to the intermediate anion radical [33]. Examples are given in the dihydrogenation of phthalic acid (Eq. 22.15) and the hydrogenation of heteroaromatic compounds (Eq. 22.14). 

Clavilier J, Llorca MJ, Eeliu JM, Aldaz A (1991) Preliminary study of the electrochemical adsorption behaviour of a palladium modified Pt(l 11) electrode in the whole range of coverage. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne Switz) 310 429... 

Cai, X.-R, Kalcher, K., Koelbl, G., Neuhold, C.G., Diewald, W., and Ogorevc, B. (1995) Electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide on a palladium-modified carbon paste electrode. Electroanalysis, 7, 340- 345. 

Chang G, Oyama M, Hirao K (2006) Seed-mediated growth of palladium nanocrystals on indium tin oxide surfaces and their applicability as modified electrodes. J Phys Chem B 110 (41) 20362-20368... 

Schmidt TJ, Markovic NM, Stamenkovic V, Ross PN, Attard GA, Watson DJ. Surface characterization and electrochemical behavior of well-defined Pt-Pd lll singlecrystal surfaces a comparative study using Pt lll and palladium-modified Pt lll electrodes. Langmuir 2002 18 6969-75. 

Alvarez B, Climent V, Rodes A, Feliu JM. Potential of zero total charge of palladium modified Pt(lll) electrodes in perchloric acid solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2001 3 3269-76. 

Xu H, Wang D, Zhang W, Zhu W, Yamamoto K, Jin L. Determination of isatin and monoamine neurotransmitters in rat brain with liquid chromatography using palladium hexacyanoferrate modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2006 577 207-2013. 

Huang JS, Liu Y, Hou HQ, You TY (2008) Simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid using palladium nanopaiticle-loaded carbon nemofibers modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 24 632-637... 

Cai X-H, Kalcher K, Lintschinger J, Neuhold CG, Tykarski J, Ogorevc B (1995) Electrocatalytic amperometric detection of hydroxylamine with a palladium-modified carbon paste electrode. Electroanalysis 7 556-559... 

PJ. Kulesza, M.A. Malik, R. Schmidt, A. Smolinska, K. Miecznikowski, S. Zamponi, A. Czerwinski, M. Berrettoni, and R. Marassi, Electrochemical preparation and characterization of electrodes modified with mixed hexacyanoferrates of nickel and palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem. 487, 57-65 (2000). 

M.H. Pournaghi-Azar and H. Dastangoo, Electrochemical characteristics of an aluminum electrode modified by a palladium hexacyanoferrate film, synthesized by a simple electroless procedure. J. Electroanal. Chem. 523, 26-33 (2002). 

Biosensors fabricated on the Nafion and polyion-modified palladium strips are reported by C.-J. Yuan [193], They found that Nafion membrane is capable of eliminating the electrochemical interferences of oxidative species (ascorbic acid and uric acid) on the enzyme electrode. Furthermore, it can restricting the oxidized anionic interferent to adhere on its surface, thereby the fouling of the electrode was avoided. Notably, the stability of the proposed PVA-SbQ/GOD planar electrode is superior to the most commercially available membrane-covered electrodes which have a use life of about ten days only. Compared to the conventional three-dimensional electrodes the proposed planar electrode exhibits a similar... 

Metal ion modified polyimide films have been prepared to obtain materials having mechanical, electrical, optical, adhesive, and surface chemical properties different from nonmodified polyimide films. For example, the tensile modulus of metal ion modified polyimide films was increased (both at room temperature and 200 0 whereas elongation was reduced compared with the nonmodif ied polyimide (i). Although certain polyimides are )cnown to be excellent adhesives 2) lap shear strength (between titanium adherends) at elevated temperature (275 0 was increased by incorporation of tris(acetylacetonato)aluminum(III) (2). Highly conductive, reflective polyimide films containing a palladium metal surface were prepared and characterized ( ). The thermal stability of these films was reduced about 200 C, but they were useful as novel metal-filled electrodes ( ). 

An aluminum electrode modified by a chemically deposited palladium pen-tacyanonitrosylferrate film was reported in [33]. Vitreous carbon electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine was used in [34]. Electrocatalytic activity of nanos-tructured polymeric tetraruthenated porphyrin film was studied in [35]. Codeposition of Pt nanoparticles and Fe(III) species on glassy-carbon electrode resulted in significant catalytic activity in nitrite oxidation [36]. It was shown that the pho-tocatalytic oxidation at a Ti02/Ti film electrode can be electrochemically promoted [37]. 

Palladium-catalyzed amination has also been used to prepare small arylamines that can function as sensors, nonlinear optical materials, magnetic materials, electrode modifiers, hole-transport materials, and dyestuffs. N-Arylpolyamines that have the potential for multiple applications have also been prepared. 

This potential, adjusted as a function of the pH of the solution and of the hydrogen pressure, is easily fixed between +0 1 V and — 0.9V/NHE (Normal Hydrogen Electrode). The H2/H+ couple was used to prepare supported catalysts with platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium modified with deposits of tin, lead, iron, germanium, and bismuth [50-54]. These catalysts were proposed for their good selectivities for different reactions in specialize organic chemistry. 

---