Palladium/iron nanoparticles

Venkatachalam, K., Arzuaga, X., Chopra, N., Gavalas, V.G., Xu, J., Bhattacharyya, D., Heimig, B. and Bachas, L.G. 2008. Reductive dechlorination of 3,3, 4,4 -tetrachloro-biphenyl (PCB77) using palladium or palladium/iron nanoparticles and assessment of the reduction in toxic potency in vascular endothelial cells. J. Hazard. Mater. 159(2-3) 483-191. 

Originally, the effect of charge state of nanostructures on their catalytic activity was recognized from analysis of the experimental data on the catalytic properties of metallic nanoparticles immobilized in the matrix of a poly-paraxylylene polymer [13-15,24]. It was found that the dependence of the catalytic activity (and, in some cases, of the selectivity) of copper, palladium, and iron nanoparticles on the metal content of these structures has a maximum. This maximum exists not only for the specific (related to unit weight) activity, but also for the absolute activity. More specifically, for copper and... 

Huang, K. C. and S. H. Ehrman. 2007. Synthesis of iron nanoparticles via chemical reduction with palladium ion seeds. Langmuir 23 (3) 1419-1426. 

In the early work on the thermolysis of metal complexes for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, the precursor carbonyl complex of transition metals, e.g., Co2(CO)8, in organic solvent functions as a metal source of nanoparticles and thermally decomposes in the presence of various polymers to afford polymer-protected metal nanoparticles under relatively mild conditions [1-3]. Particle sizes depend on the kind of polymers, ranging from 5 to >100 nm. The particle size distribution sometimes became wide. Other cobalt, iron [4], nickel [5], rhodium, iridium, rutheniuim, osmium, palladium, and platinum nanoparticles stabilized by polymers have been prepared by similar thermolysis procedures. Besides carbonyl complexes, palladium acetate, palladium acetylacetonate, and platinum acetylac-etonate were also used as a precursor complex in organic solvents like methyl-wo-butylketone [6-9]. These results proposed facile preparative method of metal nanoparticles. However, it may be considered that the size-regulated preparation of metal nanoparticles by thermolysis procedure should be conducted under the limited condition. 

Iron-only hydrogenase, dithiolate-bridged compounds as biomimetic models, 6, 239 Iron oxide films, synthesis, 12, 51 Iron-palladium nanoparticles, preparation, 12, 74 Iron-platinum bimetallic clusters, with isocyanide clustes,... 

Pure metals as well can be deposited on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The reductive precipitation of gold nanoparticles on MWNT coated with citrate ions may be given just as one example. Besides dispersing the MWNT, the citric acid is also responsible for the reductive generation of the gold particles from HAuCLt. Other metals like platinum, palladium, titanium, and iron can be deposited on the nanotube surface, too. 

This new single-step synthesis unites the simplicity of preparation and lower production costs, with the outstanding properties of the final catalysts. By the single-step procedure proposed here, deposition of dispersed nanoparticles of noble metals on ceramic supports with customised textural properties and shape was achieved. Noble metals including platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, etc. and metal oxides including copper, iron, nickel, chromimn, cerium oxides, etc on sepiolite or its mixtures with alumina, titania, zirconia or other refractory oxides have been also studied. 

Zhu H, Han J, Xiao JQ, Jin Y (2008) Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants. J Environ Monit 10 713-717 Zimmerman S, Alt F, Messerschmidt J, Von Bohlen A, Taraschewski H, Sures B (2002) Biological availability of traffic-related platinum-group elements (palladium, platinum, and rhodium) and other metals to the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in water containing road dust. Environ Toxicol Chem 21(12) 2713-2718... 

The researchers observed a series of nanoprotrusions from spikes to blocks oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis. The mechanism for this process was similar to the crystallization mechanism of CNT growth from a surface. Carbon nanostructures from electrospun carbon nanofibers with iron and palladium nanoparticles were grown, respectively. In a later work, the type of carbon dictated the morphology of the resulting nanostructure. Toluene as the carbon source yielded straight nanotubes, pyridine gave coiled and Y-shaped nanotubes, and chlorobenzene formed nanoribbons. Figure 8.4 displays a variety of carbon nanostructures from rods to Y-shaped protrusions. 

Chalcogenides are commonly synthesized by this method. The metal sulphide syntheses have been carried out in ethanol, water, " and ethylenediamine, " whereas the sources of metal ions have been acetates or the chlorides. The precursor for sulfur is usually thioacetamide or thiourea. Nanoparticle synthesis of d-block elements have also been carried out, for example, platinum, gold, cobalt, iron, palladium, gold, nickel, and bimetallic alloys such as Co/Cu, 52i Pt/Ru, i Au/Pd, i Fe/Co. ... 

The approach is illustrated hy nanocomposite fibers of nanoparticle-Fe/ carbon. Nanofihers of PAN were electrospun from DMF (6.7 wt%) solutions containing 3.3 wt% of dissolved ferric acetylacetanoate. Subsequent carbonization of the nanofihers in an inert (Ar and H2) atmosphere (Hou and Reneker 2004) at high temperatures yielded carbonized nanofihers with nanoparticles of elemental iron. These were in the size range of 10-20 nm for the most part and were embedded on the surface of the fibers. Essentially, the same approach was also used with polycarbonate (PC)-palladium acetate solutions, but on calcination of the electrospun polymer nanofihers yielded inorganic palladium oxide nanofibers (Viswanathamurthi et al. 2004a) rather than Pd-nanoparticle/PC. The oxygen in keto groups of the PC was speculated to have reacted with the metal acetate to yield the oxide. Palladium nanoparticles are of particular interest in industry because of their potential use in catalysis (Briot and Primet 1991). 

The preparation of hybrid materials based on BC comprises a limited number of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) such as a few metals (silver [211-231], selenium [214, 232-234], gold [223, 224, 235], nickel [236, 237], platinum [210] and palladium/cop-per [238]), metal oxides (silica [239-247], titanium oxide [242, 248-255], iron oxides [209, 221, 256-267], zinc oxide [268-270], vanadium oxide [254]), calcium phosphate... 

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