Palladium , dimeric complexes

Studies of the reactivity of transition metal cyclopropenylium complexes are negligible. A single example on the acid hydrolysis of the hexachloroantimonate palladium dimer complex [(i-Pr2N)2C3(PdCl)]2-2SbCl6, and its demetallation using SbCl5, is outlined in equation 293. 

Figure 3.21 Structure of the dimeric palladium(I) complex [(dppp)Pd]2(CF3 S03)2. (Reprinted with permission from Organometallics, 1992, 11, 23. Copyright (1992) American Chemical Society.)...

The platinum complex is square planar, while the palladium dimer also has planar 4-coordination (for other examples of mercaptide bridges see section 3.8.3) [116]. 

Cazin and co-workers recently reported on the use of the well-defined dimer complexes [Pd( a-C1)(C1)(NHC)]2 that are commercially available, and perform exceedingly well in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction involving aryl chlorides [108]. The Cazin group has also recently disclosed well-defined mixed NHC/phosphite palladium systems of the type [PdCl2(NHC) P(OR)3j], enabling the Suzuki-Miyaura of aryl chlorides at 0.1 mol% Pd loading [109]. 

Nickel(O) complexes are extremely effective for the dimerization and oligomerization of conjugated dienes [8,9]. Two molecules of 1,3-butadiene readily undergo oxidative cyclization with a Ni(0) metal to form bis-allylnickel species. Palladium(O) complexes also form bis-allylpalladium species of structural similarity (Scheme 2). The bis-allylpalladium complexes show amphiphilic reactivity and serve as an allyl cation equivalent in the presence of appropriate nucleophiles, and also serve as an allyl anion equivalent in the presence of appropriate electrophiles. Characteristically, the bis-allylnickel species is known to date only as a nucleophile toward carbonyl compounds (Eq. 1) [10,11],... 

Kostic el al. discovered that Pd11 complexes, when attached to tryptophan residues, can rapidly cleave peptides in acetone solutions to which a stoichiometric amount of water is added, for hydrolysis.436 The indole tautomer in which a hydrogen has moved from the nitrogen to C(3) is named indolenine. Its palladium(II) complexes that are coordinated via the nitrogen atom have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods.451 Binuclear dimeric complexes between palladium(II) and indole-3-acetate involve cyclopalladation.452 Bidentate coordination to palladium(II) through the N(l) and the C(2) atoms occurs in binuclear complexes.453 Reactions of palladium(II) complexes with indole-3-acetamide and its derivatives produced new complexes of unusual structure. Various NMR, UV, IR, and mass spectral analyses have revealed bidentate coordination via the indole carbon C(3) and the amide oxygen.437... 

The hexakis(methyl isocyanide) dimers, [Pt2(CNMe)6], undergo photolytic cleavage of the Pt—Pt bond to give 15-electron radicals, Pt(CNMe)3.94 Mixtures of platinum and palladium dimers give rise to heteronuclear complexes under photolytic conditions. Mixtures of normal and deuterium-labeled methyl isocyanide complexes reveal that the metal-ligand bonds undergo thermal redistribution.94... 

Like the palladium(II) complexes, the platinum(II) porphyrins show appreciable phosphorescence even in aqueous media at room temperature in one study,169 singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 and were strongly influenced by dimerization/aggregation. Platinum(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(/>-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin and platinum(II)coproporphyrin-I ((36) for Pd read Pt) have been studied as phosphorescent labels of antibodies for use in time-resolved microscopy.189... 

The dimeric 2,3-dihydro-l,2,4-oxadiazole palladium(n) complex 182 (Equation 27) reacts with aqueous methylamine to liberate the ligand 183 <2003JCD2544>. A similar process has also been applied to platinum(lv)-bound complexes 184, using pyridine to liberate the 2,3-dihydro-l,2,4-oxadiazole <2000JA3106>. Reduction of the platinum(iv) complexes 184 (Equation 28) gives the corresponding platinum(n) complexes 185 <2001IC264>. 

The essential factor which differentiates the monomeric and dimeric carbonylations seems to be the presence or absence of halide ion coordinated to the palladium. The dimerization-carbonylation proceeds satisfactorily with halide-free palladium phosphine complexes. Most conveniently, Pd(OAc)2 is used with PPh3. PdCl2(PPh3)2 can be used as a catalyst with addition of an excess of bases. The reaction is carried out at 1I0°C under 50 atm of carbon monoxide pressure in alcohol. Higher... 

The carbonylation was explained by the following mechanism. Formation of dimeric 7r-allylic complex 20 from two moles of butadiene and the halide-free palladium species is followed by carbon monoxide insertion at the allylic position to give an acyl palladium complex which then collapses to give 3,8-nonadienoate by the attack of alcohol with regeneration of the zero-valent palladium phosphine complex. When halide ion is coordinated to palladium, the formation of the above dimeric 7r-allylic complex 20 is not possible, and only monomeric 7r-allylic complex 74 is formed. Carbon monoxide insertion then gives 3-pentenoate (72). 

The palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation of allenes with chloride was studied by Hege-dus et al. [3], In this reaction the dimeric products 4 and 6 as shown in Scheme 17.4 were obtained. The (allene)palladium(II) complex formed can react with chloride ions in two different ways (Scheme 17.4) [4]. Attack at the terminal carbon gives a vinylpalladium intermediate 2 whereas attack at the middle carbon produces a 2-chloro(jt-allyl)palladium complex 3. The former complex is the kinetic intermediate (k2 > kj) and is in equilibrium with the (allene)palladium complex. The 2-chloro(jt-allyl)palladium complex is formed more slowly but is more stable and has been isolated [2]. The vinyl complex can undergo further reaction with excess allene to give a new (jt-allyl)palladium complex, which undergoes attack with chloride to give the observed dimer 6 [3]. The dichloride from attack on the 2-chloro-(jT-allyl)palladium complex 3 was not observed. 

After dimerization and separation of the product mixture from the palladium catalyst complex, the reaction mixture is hydrogenated over a 1% palladium on activated carbon catalyst. A 50 psig hydrogen pressure and a 100-125°C reaction temperature are... 

Although lithiation remains the most frequently used metalation reaction, there have been a number of new reports of direct palladation of aryloxazolines. For example, Smoliakova and co-workers prepared the dimeric palladium complex 457 by direct reaction of Pd(OAc)2 with 2-phenyloxazoline in the presence of NaOAc/ HOAc (Scheme 8.150). ° The dimeric complex 457 was converted to the monomeric triphenylphosphine complex 458 for which the X-ray crystal structure was determined. A similar reaction sequence was observed for naphthalenes. Muller... 

The oxidation to methyl ketones without cleavage of the double bond was reported recently for a palladium NHC complex [108]. When the authors used the previously described catalyst 13 in THF with dioxygen for the oxidation of styrene they found that together with the phenylmethylketone a significant amount of y-butyrolactone was formed. Analysis of the mechanism led to the conclusion that THF is oxidized to a hydroperoxide species which is the real oxidant. They therefore tried tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and found immediate conversion without any induction period. Optimized conditions include 0.75 mol % of the previously described dimeric complex... 

The choice of catalyst is important, for instance the use of tetrakis(triphenylphos-phane)palladium(O) complex results in the quantitative cyclotrimerization of 3,3-dimethylcy-elopropene.17 In similar fashion 3,3-dimethoxycyclopropene cyciodimerizes to 3 (R = OMe, 74%) using bis(dibenzylideneacetone)paUadium(0) [Pd(dba)2] complex.18 The trisubstituted cyclopropene 4 is transformed to the head-to-head dimer 5 in the presence of copper(I) iodide.19... 

Palladium(I) complexes are in general dimeric or oligomeric and consequently, although they have a d9 configuration, they are usually diamagnetic. The chemistry of this oxidation state is discussed in Section 51.3. Unlike most transition metals, the chemistry of low valent palladium is not dominated by carbonyls [Pd(CO)4] is only stable at 80 K in a matrix. As with platinum, the most common complexes are those containing phosphines, where complexes of the type [PdL ] (n = 2, 4) have been isolated. The chemistry of palladium(O) is dealt with in Section 51.2 and elsewhere.2... 

The dimeric complex [Pd2(dppm)3] has been shown to react with iodine or pentafluorophenyl disulfide to form palladium(I) adducts [Pd2riippm)2X2] (X=I, SQFs). Further reaction with oxidant gave the rf8 species [Pd(dppm)X2l. [PdL4] species are known to react with small molecules such as NO, S02, CS2 and 02, 6° to form [Pdl L ]. 

For both the dipalladium and palladium-platinum complexes the metal-metal bond is unusually reactive and a number of small molecules undergo an insertion reaction with (9) to give (10 equation 8). The corresponding sulfide-bridged dipalladium dimer can be prepared from the reaction of S8 or MeCHCH2S with (9).83 A mixed rhodium-palladium dimer can also be prepared from (9) (see Scheme 6).84... 

Nevertheless, synthesis of the monocyclopropenylidene platinum complex cis-Cl2(Bu3P)Pt[C3(f-Bu)2] was achieved when 3,3-dichloro-l,2-di-f-butylcyclopropene was treated in refluxing benzene with the dimeric complex /i-[(Bu3P)Cl2Pt]2 in a 2 1 ratio, instead of Pt° (equation 275)351. The reaction may involve a dimer intermediate analogous to that obtained in the palladium series above (equation 273). 

Dimeric compounds with the formula [M(ato)Me2]2, where M = B, A1 or Ga, with the ato (acetoximato) group bridging have been reported.30 Similarly, in the trimeric palladium(II) complexes [Pd(acetato)(acetoximato)]3, both the acetato and acetoximato groups have been shown to bridge the three palladium atoms which constitute an equilateral triangle.31... 

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