Pacemakers system replacement

Alternatives of non-invasive rejection monitoring have been developed to supplement or replace EMB and are now established in some transplant units monitoring and recording of intramyocardial electrogram (IMEG) amplitude with telemetry function (monitoring) using a permanent, implanted pacemaker system (Iberer et al. 1998 Warnecke et al. 1992). With this tool it will be possible to abandon EMB, which is important for infants or children, in whom routine EMB cannot be performed (Muller et al. 1993). 

An artifact is an inclusion in some system, made by animals or man. Spider webs, bird nests, beaver dams, houses, books, machines, music, paintings, and language are artifacts. They may or may not be prostheaes, inventions which carry out some critical process essential to a living system. An artificial pacemaker for a human heart is an example of an artifact which can replace a pathological process with a healthy one. Insulin and thyroxine are replacement drugs which are human artifacts. Chemical, mechanical, or electronic artifacts have been constructed which carry out some functions of all levels of living systems. 

Bluhm G, Jacobson B, Ransjo U. Antibiotic prophylaxis in pacemaker surgery a prospective trial with local and systemic administration of antibiotics at pulse generator replacement. PACE 1985 8 661. 

Titanium is a successful biocompatible material that is extensively used today for manufacturing bone-anchoring systems, such as dental implants or hip-joint fixation and replacement, as well as for pacemakers, heart valves, and ear-drum drainage tubes. It has advantageous bulk and surface properties in particular, a low modulus of elasticity, a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent resistance to corrosion, and an inert, biocompatible surface oxide film. The surface chemistry and structure are prime... 

The mechanical reliability of PAEK has led to their use in a variety of devices. For example, they are being evaluated in applications such as heart valves [19] and by Impella AG as rotors for bi-ventricular, intra-cardiac pump systems which can be inserted into the heart to replace heart-lung machines. PAEK also find applications as housings for implantable medical devices such as heart pacemakers [20, 21]. 

Intra-arterial catheters have been used for different objectives, such as the placement of other devices like stents, the delivery of drugs to various targets in the cardiovascular system and the delivery of embolic materials to close arterial-venous fistulas. Drug therapy has also been combined with catheter ablation, pacemakers and cardioverter defibrillators in order to treat arrhythmias. On the other hand, implants for the reconstruction or functional replacement of cardiovascular components have been combined with drugs to prevent thrombosis. Finally, drugs to avoid restenosis have been widely employed in different devices such as drug-eluting stents. 

The semiconductive properties and tunnel structure of sulfide and transition-metal oxides led to the use of these materials in lithium power sources (Table 2.5). Several lithium-based chemistries were successfully applied to replace the prior system Zn/AgO and later the lithium-iodine batteries in implantable medical devices [59-61]. For example, Li//CuO, Li//V205, Li//CF and more recently Li// Ag2V40ii couples have been adopted to power cardiac pacemakers requiring less that 200 pW [62,63]. The lithium/carbon monofluoride (Li//CFJ primary cells are very attractive in several applications because of the double energy density with respect to the state-of-the-art LiZ/MnOa primary batteries (theoretically 2203 against 847 Wh kg ). 

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