P-Caryophyllene,

Marchantia brachiata (Sw.) Schiffn. is a liverwort that also enjoys a wide distribution. It is included here to offset the idea that liverworts of wide occurrence need to exhibit different chemistries in order to attract attention. Nagashima et al. (1999) identified four compounds from plants collected in Ecuador 3,4-dimethoxystyrylbenzene [456], 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrylbenzene [457], P-caryophyllene [458], and bicycloger-macrene [459], In the words of those workers, there was ... ostensibly no metabolic differences between Marchantia brachiata collected in the Netherlands Antilles, Saba, and in Ecuador. ... 

Sampling time 60 min extraction temperature 80°C. Monoterpenes a-pinene, p-myrcene, a-phellandreneand limonene sesquiterpenes a-cubebene, a-copaene, p-elemene, p-caryophyllene, a-humulene, y-muurolene, p-eudesmene and caryophyllene oxide diterpenes cembrene A and isoincensole acetate. 

The first observation is the similarity between the chemical compositions of both the Boswellia carteri and Boswellia sacra. For these three olibanum samples, a-pinene (2), (3-myrcene (8) and limonene (14) are the predominant monoterpenes. p-Caryophyllene (73) is the major sesquiterpene besides a-copaene (65), a-humulene (also called a-caryophyllene) (78) and caryophyllene oxide (95). The characteristic olibanum compounds isoincensole and isoincensole acetate (128) together with cembrene A (120) are the main diterpenes. 

The majority of the turpentine comes from the southeastern United States, which consists of 60—70% a-pinene, 20—25% p-pinene, and 6—12% other components. Because there is variation in components from different species of the pine tree as well as variation from the many paper pulp mills, there is obviously variation in the analysis of sulfate turpentines. Some of the other components consist of/>-menthadienes, alcohols, ethers such as anethole [104-46-1] and methylchavicol [104-67-0], and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, p-caryophyllene [87-44-5]. 

Clove Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae) dried flower buds 15-20 eugenol (75-90) eugenyl acetate (10-15) P-caryophyllene (3) flavour, aromatherapy, antiseptic... 

The 11-carbon ring of the humulyl carbocation may be retained, as in the formation of humulene (Figure 5.36), or modified to give the caryophyllyl cation containing a nine-membered ring fused to a four-membered ring, as in P-caryophyllene (Figure 5.36). Humulene is found... 

The main constituent of clove oil is eugenol (70-90%), acetyl eugenol (2-17%), and p-caryophyllen (5-12 %) [9-12]. Clove oil can be obtained from other parts of the tree, such ass the buds, stem, or leaves. The eugenol content of clove oil depends upon the condition of the cloves and on the method of distillation [12]. 

Finally, p-caryophyllene was also subjected to the MTO-catalyzed oxidation. Here, the biphasic system with CH2C12 as the solvent is very effective, with full conversion and selectivity for the internal epoxide after only 1 h of reaction time and a very low catalyst amount of 0.1 mol%, using a 10 1 mixture of 3-methylpyrazole and 1-methylimidazole as nitrogen base [55],... 

Among the leafy spices, 45 aroma volatiles of desert parsley have been identified, with the major constituents as myristicin, apiole, /3-phellandrene, p-mentha-1,3,8-triene and 4-isopropenyl-l-methylbenzene (MacLeod eta/., 1985). Among these, apiole in particular has a desirable parsley odour character. The leaf stems of celery show three main constituents of volatiles, e.g. apiole (about 23%), 3-butylphthalide (about 22%) and sedanolide (about 24%). The last two possess a strong characteristic celery aroma (MacLeod et al., 1988). Limonene (40.5%), P-selinene (16.3%), cis-ocimene (12.5%) and P-caryophyllene (10.5%) are some of the volatile oil constituents present in celery leaves from Nigeria (Ehiabhi et al., 2003). 

The curry leaf plant is highly valued for its characteristic aroma and medicinal value (Philip, 1981). A number of leaf essential oil constituents and carbazole alkaloids have been extracted from the plant (Mallavarapu et al., 1999). There are a large number of oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes present, e.g. c/s-ocimene (34.1%), a-pinene (19.1%), y-terpinene (6.7%) and P-caryophyllene (9.5%), which appear to be responsible for the intense odour associated with the stalk and flower parts of curry leaves (Onayade and Adebajo, 2000). In fresh bay leaves, 1, 8-cineole is the major component, together with a-terpinyl acetate, sabinene, a-pinene, P-pinene, P-elemene, a-terpineol, linalool and eugenol (Kilic et al., 2004). 

Earlier workers established the presence of a-pinene, (3-pinene, 1-a-phellandrene, dl-limonene, piperonal, dihydrocarveol, a compound melting at 161°C, P-caryophyllene and a piperidine complex from the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground Malabar pepper. The above compounds were identified by the classical methods of derivatization and degradation. They also reported the presence of epoxy dihydrocary-... 

Thevanmundi, Poonjaranmunda, Valiakaniak-kadan and Subhakara. Some of the newly developed cultivars are Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-4. By adopting GC and GC-MS techniques, researchers have identified over 55 compounds from the volatile oil of these pepper cultivars. The major compounds identified were a- and (3-pinene, sabinene, limonene, P-caryophyllene, myrcene, p-cymene and caryophellene oxide (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1993 Menon et al., 2000, 2002, 2003 Menon and Padmakumari, 2005). Table 2.7 illustrates this variability among different popular cultivars. 

Variety/ compound Limonene P-Pinene P-Caryophyllene Sabinene Caryophyllene oxide 8-3-Carene a-Pinene Myrcene p-Cymene Elemol... 

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