P-caffeine

Kummer, P., Caffeine removal, Swiss 623,994, 1981. (CA95 131206f)... 

Superko, H., Bortz, W., Williams, P., Albers, J. and Wood, P., Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee effects on plasma lipoprotein cholestrol, apolipoprotiens and lipase activity A controlled, randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 599-605, 1991. 

Griffiths, R.R. and Woodson, P.P., Caffeine physical dependence a review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology 94 437-51, 1988. 

Mitchell, S. H., de-Wit, H., Zacny, J. P., Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and self-administration following caffeine deprivation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 51(4), 941-945, 1995. 

In a series of studies, Bell et al. assessed the effects of ephedrine mixtures on performance, and found measurable improvement. One and one-half hours after ingesting a placebo (P), caffeine (C) (4 mg/kg), ephedrine (E) (0.8 mg/kg), or caffeine and ephedrine, 12 subjects performed a 10-km run while wearing a helmet and backpack weighing 11 kg. The trials were performed in a climatic suite at 12-13°C, on a treadmill where the speed was regulated by the subject. V02, VC02, V(E), HR, and rating of perceived exer-... 

Wittayalertpanya S, Israsena S, Thamaree S, Tongnop-noua P, Komolmit P. Caffeine clearance by two point analysis A measure of liver function in chronic liver disease. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1996 21 195-201. 

In addition to its use as a central and respiratory stimulant, usually as caffeine, U.S.R, and caffeine and sodium henzoate injection, U.S.P., caffeine is extensively used as an ingredient in many types of pharmaceutical preparations, particularly internal analgesics, cold and allergy products, weight-control formulations (appetite depressants), and others. 

C8H10N4O2. An alkaloid occurring in tea, coffee and guarana, from which it may be prepared by extraction, It is also manufactured by the methylation of theobromine and by the condensation of cyanoacetic acid with urea. Crystallizes with H2O or anhydrous from organic solvents. M.p. (anhydrous) 235"C, sublimes at 176 C. Odourless, and with a very bitter taste. Caffeine acts as a stimulant and diuretic, and is a constituent of cola drinks, tea and coffee. 

C7H9N402- M.p. 337 C, an alkaloid obtained from cacao seeds or prepared synthetically. Constitutionally it is similar to caffeine, and is also a weak base. It is usually administered as the sodium compound combined with either sodium ethanoate or sodium salicylate, and is employed almost entirely as a diuretic. Physiologically theobromine resembles caffeine, but its effect on the central nervous system is less, while its action on the kidneys, is more pronounced. 

Glycogen phosphorylase conforms to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model of allosteric transitions, with the active form of the enzyme designated the R state and the inactive form denoted as the T state (Figure 15.17). Thus, AMP promotes the conversion to the active R state, whereas ATP, glucose-6-P, and caffeine favor conversion to the inactive T state. 

Above the critical temperature and pressure, a substance is referred to as a supercritical fluid. Such fluids have unusual solvent properties that have led to many practical applications. Supercritical carbon dioxide is used most commonly because it is cheap, nontoxic, and relatively easy to liquefy (critical T = 31°C, P = 73 atm). It was first used more than 20 years ago to extract caffeine from coffee dichloromethane, CH2C12, long used for this purpose, is both a narcotic and a potential carcinogen. Today more than 10s metric tons of decaf coffee are made annually using supercritical C02. It is also used on a large scale to extract nicotine from tobacco and various objectionable impurities from the hops used to make beer. 

Jaffe JH Drug dependence opioids, nonnarcotics, nicotine (tobacco), and caffeine, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Edition, Vol 1. Edited by Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Baltimore, Williams c Wilkins, 1989, pp 642-686 Jaffe J, Knapp CM, Ciraulo DA Opiates clinical aspects, in Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook. Edited by Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, et al. New York, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, pp 158—165 Jarvis MA, Schnoll SH Methadone use dming pregnancy. NIDA Res Monogr 149 58— 77, 1995... 

NAIK J P and NAGALAKSHMi s (1997) Determination of caffeine in tea products by an unproved high-performance liquid chromatography method , JAgric Food Chem, 45, 3973-5. 

FERNANDEZ P L, MARTIN M J, GONZALEZ A G, PABLOS F (2000) HPLC determination of catechins and caffeine in tea. Differentiation of green, black and instant teas, Analyst, 125,421-5. 

Figure 5 Separation of pharmaceuticals, including amines, on strong cation exchange. Column 0.46 x 15 cm Merckosorb SI-60-SCX, 5 p. Eluent 50 mM aqueous ammonium formate-10% ethanol, pH 4.8. Flow 1 ml/min. Temperature 50°C. The peaks are (1) aspirin, (2) paracetamol, (3) phenacetin, (4) caffeine, (5) phenylephrine, (6) salbutamol. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science from Cox, G. B., Loscombe, C. R., Slucutt, M. J., Sugden, K., and Upheld, J. A., /. Chromatogr., 117, 269, 1976).

Mazzafera, P, Wingsle, G., Olsson, O., Sandberg, G., S-adensoyl-L-methionine theobromine 1-N-methyltranferase, a enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of caffeine in coffee Phytochemistry 37 1577 1994... 

Other methods have involved compleximetric titration, nephelom-etry, potentiometric titration, and gravimetric methods. In 1981, a paper by Mayanna and Jayaram11 outlined the determination of caffeine in a wide variety of products including pharmaceuticals and food products using sodium N-chloro-p-toluene-sulphonamide (chloramine-T) in a titri-metric procedure. 

Ferren, W.P. and Shane, N.A., Differential spectrophotometric determination of caffeine in soluble coffee and drug combinations, JAOAC, 51,573,1968. 

Mayanna, S.M. and Jayaram, B., Determination of caffeine using N-chloro-p-toluene-sulfonamide, Analyst, 106,729,19811... 

Cepeda, A., Paseiro, P., Simal, J., and Rodriguez, J.L., Determination of caffeine by UV spectrometry in various types of coffee green coffee and natural roasted... 

Washuettl, J., Bancher, E., and Riederer, P., A new thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of caffeine in roasted coffee beans, Zeitschrift fuer Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Forschung, 143,253,1970. 

Hubert, P., Vitzthum, O., Separation of caffeine from supercritical solutions,... 

Roselius, L., Kurzhals, H. A., Hubert, P., Selective extraction of caffeine from plant materials, Ger. Offen. 2,727,191, 1978. (CA90 85545n)... 

Timbie, D., Sechrist, L., Keeney, P., Application of high pressure liquid chromatography to the study of variables affecting theobromine and caffeine concentrations in cocoa beans, J. Food Sci., 43, 560, 1978. 

Clarkson, P. M., Nutritional ergogenic aids Caffeine, International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 3, 103, 1993. 

Snyder, S. H., Adenosine as a mediator of the behavioral effects of xanthines, in Caffeine Perspective from Recent Research, Dews, P. B., Ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984, chap. 3. 

Bianchi, C. P., The effect of caffeine on radiocalcium movement in frog sartorius, Journal of General Physiology, 44, 845, 1961. 

Blinks, J. R., Olson, C. B., Jewell, B. R., and Braveny, P., Influence of caffeine and other methyxanthines on mechanical properties of isolated mammalian heart muscle, Circ Research, 30, 367, 1972. 

Lopes, J. M., Aubier, M., Jardin, J., Aranda, J. V., and Macklem, P. T., Effects of caffeine on skeletal muscle function before and after fatigue, Journal of Applied Physiology, 54, 1303, 1983. 

Mitsumoto, FT, Deboer, G. E., Bunge, G., Andrish, J. T., Tetzlaff, J. E., and Cruse, R. P., Fiber type specific caffeine sensitivities in normal human skinned muscle fiber, Anesthesiology, 72, 50, 1990. 

Essig, D., Costill, D. L., and Van Handel, P. J., Effects of caffeine ingestion on utilization of muscle glycogen and lipid during leg ergometer cycling, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1, 86, 1980. 

Suter, P. and Vetter, W., Coffee and caffeine Various selceted reports for everyday practive. Schweiz Runssch Med Prax 82, 1122-1128, 1993. 

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