Oxygenated carotenoids

Dwyer, J.H. et al., Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study, Circulation, 103, 292, 2001. 

Algae can be cultivated easily and quickly when compared to plants. They produce very high quantities of carotenoids compared to other sources (3.0 to 5.0% w/w on a dry weight basis). They contain both cis and trans isomers of carotenoids for high bioavailability and bioefflcacy, and also contain oxygenated carotenoids (xantho-phylls), which have greater bioactivity and better anticancer properties. The proteins from Dunaliella biomass can be utilized for bread and other products and whole cells can be utilized for animal, poultry, and fish foods because they are safe. ... 

The carotenoids are subdivided into two main groups, the carotenes (hydrocarbon carotenoids) and the xanthophylls (oxygenated carotenoids). The structure of /8-carotene is as follows ... 

Lidebjer, C, Leanderson, P, Ernerudh, J, and Jonasson, L, 2007. Low plasma levels of oxygenated carotenoids in patients with coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17,448 156. 

Oxygenated carotenoids, 24 560-561 Oxygenated chemicals, lactic acid and,... 

The carotenes and carotenoids are very important accessory pigments (Fig. 23-22). The major component in most green plants is (3-carotene. Green sulfur bacteria contain y-carotene in which one end of the molecule has not undergone cyclization and resembles lycopene (Fig. 22-5). Chloroplasts also contain a large variety of oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls). Of these, neoxanthin, violaxanthin... 

A large survey of mass spectra of oxygenated carotenoids is reported by Budzikiewicz. He describes some characteristic fragmentation patterns for 5,6- and 5,8-oxides and capsanthin-type end-groups. Elimination of toluene, xylene, and C12H14 has been studied in aromatic and acyclic carotenoids labelled with deuterium at C-7 and C-7 and some with in-chain-oxidized... 

Oxygen carotenoids may fade when exposed to oxygen. Col-... 

Properties Yellow pigment. An oxygenated carotenoid occurring in green vegetation and in some animal products, notably egg yolk. Mp 190-3C. Insoluble in water slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. 

M" cm )- hi most organic solvents in the absence of oxygen, carotenoid triplet states have lifetimes of... 

FIGURE 3.10 Examples of oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls) (a) zeaxanthin (P,P-car-otene-3,3 -diol) (b) eschscholtzxanthin (4, 5 -didehydro-4,5 -refro-P,P-carotene-3,3 -diol) (c) 5,6-seco-P-carotene-5,6-dione and (d) 3 -hydroxy-8-apo-P-carotene-8-al. 

Formation of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Formation of Prephytoene Pyrophosphate Formation of Phytoenes Acyclic Carotenoids Alicyclic Carotenoids Oxygenated Carotenoids Site of Synthesis Chemosystematic Studies Carotenoids in Algae Cartenoids in Fungi Biological Activity... 

Fig. 26.10. Biogenesis of oxygenated carotenoids or xanthophylls modified from (Milborrow et al., 1982 and data from Camara and Moneger, 1981.

Oxygenated carotenoids require a more polar solvent system, and the acetone content should be adjusted to 30-45% to effect acceptable separation. A combination of oxygenated sites and double bond positioning determines the retention, and the highly oxygenated violaxanthin is less sorbed than expected, mainly because of the short chromophore. Compounds that differ only within the ring system, such as lutein/zeaxanthin and taraxanthin/antheraxanthin, are clearly separated. 

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