Oxygen inside

Figure 3.7 An anti-smoking device the cigarette is inserted into the wider end. Partially oxidized carbon monoxide combines chemically with oxygen inside the device after leaving the end of the cigarette but before entering the smoker s mouth the oxygen necessary to effect this oxidation enters the device through the small circular holes positioned along its length...

Koo YE, Cao Y, Kopelman R, Koo SM, Brasuel M, Philbert MA (2004) Real-time measurements of dissolved oxygen inside live cells by organically modified silicate fluorescent nanosensors. Anal Chem 76 2498-2505... 

In equations 7.27 and 7.28 m(BA), m(cot), m(crbl), and m(wr) are the masses of benzoic acid sample, cotton thread fuse, platinum crucible, and platinum fuse wire initially placed inside the bomb, respectively n(02) is the amount of substance of oxygen inside the bomb n(C02) is the amount of substance of carbon dioxide formed in the reaction Am(H20) is the difference between the mass of water initially present inside the calorimeter proper and that of the standard initial calorimetric system and cy (BA), cy(Pt),cy (cot), Cy(02), and Cy(C02)are the heat capacities at constant volume of benzoic acid, platinum, cotton, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, respectively. The terms e (H20) and f(sin) represent the effective heat capacities of the two-phase systems present inside the bomb in the initial state (liquid water+water vapor) and in the final state (final bomb solution + water vapor), respectively. In the case of the combustion of compounds containing the elements C, H, O, and N, at 298.15 K, these terms are given by [44]... 

In an Erlenmeyer flask capped with a rubber septum a mixture of naphthalene, 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane and enough sodium to yield an 0.5-1.0 m solution of anion radical is stirred with a glass-covered stirring bar for 1-1.5 hours, by which time the anion radical will have formed and scavenged the oxygen inside the flask. A solution of one-sixth to one-third of an equivalent of the sulfonamide in dimethoxyethane is injected by syringe and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for approximately 1 hour. Quenching with water produces amines in 68-94% isolated yields. 

Fig. 5 Montage image combining an STM image of the Ag oxide structure (from bottom left) superimposed over the proposed oxide structure (from top right). The numbers, n = 1-5, correspond to the symmetrically different positions within the middle silver layer sandwiched between two O layers. Agi and Ag2 have metallic character, as they are exclusively bonded to silver atoms in the substrate below, whereas Ags, Ag4, and Ags are directly bonded to oxygen inside the oxide rings and are ionic in nature. Both Ag4 and Ags sites sit above threefold sites of the underlying (111) lattice atoms, whereas Ags occupies a top site. Reprinted with permission from Bocquet et at.. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003, 125, 3119. 2003, American Chemical Society.

Y.-E. L. Koo, Y. Cao, R. Kopelman, S. M. Koo, M. Brasuel, and M. A. Philbert, Real-Time Measurements of Dissolved Oxygen Inside Living Cells by Organically Modified Silicate Fluorescent Nanosensors, And, Chem. 2004, 76, 2498. 

An important concern during the accident was the potential chemical explosion of this hydrogen gas with oxygen inside the containment building. The cleanup process necessary inside the building continued for many years, and the perception that nuclear power is somehow very dangerous has not subsided after more than 25 years. 

Nitrogen monoxide is formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen inside the internal combustion engine at high temperatures. 

The pressure of the oxygen inside the empty cylinder is equal to the atmospheric pressure, 14 psi. If the cylinder were taken into the mountains, the pressure gauge would register 4 psi. 

The air is removed (pressure about 10 mm.) from the box and is replaced by purified nitrogen. After having performed tests for the absence of traces of oxygen inside the box, 17.0 g. (0.26 mol) of zinc is placed in a 400-ml. beaker, f To this is added a solution of 10.0 g. (0.0376 mol) of chro-mium(III) chloride 6-hydrate in 11.6 ml. of water. To the mixture so formed is added 23.0 ml. (0.27 mol) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then the beaker is covered with a watch glass. After about 15 minutes the zinc is largely dissolved and the solution is robin s egg blue in color. Next the watch glass is rinsed, the solution filtered quickly into a Buchner funnel suction flask, and the beaker and residue of zinc rinsed off with water. This done, the filtrate is poured into another 400-ml. beaker and the suction flask rinsed briefly. To the solution of chromium-(II) chloride is added at once a slurry of 27.5 g. (0.336... 

As the reaction propagates, the oxygen inside the porous matrix is completely consumed leaving residual char. Figure 3.11 shows a picture of smoldered polyurethane foam. The foam was ignited at the top of the sample and the reaction was allowed to propagate downward leaving a black char behind. 

It became possible to significantly increase the accuracy of measurements of dissolved oxygen in the 1990s, because oceanographers started to use the 5-L PVC Niskin bottles instead of 1-L bottles (the larger volume of water allowed better protection of the portion of water sampled in the flask from the oxygen inside the bottle). 

Oxygen levels were regularly measured in samples taken from the bioreactor by means of a portable oximeter, to maintain the oxygen inside the bioreactor at 2-A mg O2/L. The exit stream of the reactor is impelled to the membranes by a centrifugal pump located at the exit (see Figure 41.2), at a rate of 56 m /h at 4 bar. 

Aluminum has an even higher affinity for hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is not enough just to minimize the free oxygen inside the rotary furnace. The aluminum can pick up oxygen from carbon dioxide and water which are in the products of fuel combustion. The main factor that can be influenced is the reaction kinetics. Faster melting minimizes the aluminum oxidation and therefore maximizes the yield. 

The calorie content of a food can be determined by burning it in excess oxygen inside a bomb calorimeter and determining the heat released. 

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