Oxidative redox regulation

The initial chapters introduce to the general knowledge necessary to understand flie inflammatory process and the role played of free radical and oxidative stress. The interplay between inflammatory molecules and cell signalling is also dealt with in depth. A second part is dedicated to nitric oxide, redox regulation and antioxidant function in inflammation. The final chapters are devoted to diseases where inflammation plays the dominant role septic shock, end-stage renal disease, neurodegenerative, ischemic and lung diseases. 

In 1986, the antioxidant effects of thioredoxin reductase were studied by Schallreuter et al. [81]. It has been shown that thioredoxin reductase was contained in the plasma membrane surface of human keratinocytes where it provided skin protection against free radical mediated damage. Later on, the reductive activity of Trx/thioredoxin reductase system has been shown for the reduction of ascorbyl radical to ascorbate [82], the redox regulation of NFkB factor [83], and in the regulation of nitric oxide-nitric oxide synthase activities [84,85],... 

Nikitovic, D., Holmgren, A., S-Nitrosoglutathione is cleaved by the thioredoxin system with liberation of glutathione and redox regulating nitric oxide,/. Biol. Chem. 27 (1996),... 

Ghezzi P, Bonetto V, Fratelli M. 2005. Thiol-disulfide balance From the concept of oxidative stress to that of redox regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 7 964-972. 

Fig. 7.4 Reactions associated with the thioredoxin system. Thioredoxin is a redox-regulating protein with a redox-active disulfide/dithiol within the conserved active site sequence -Cys-Gly-pro-Cys-. Thioredoxin reductase, a 55 kDa flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of thioredoxin (1) and thioredoxin oxidase (2), a flavin-dependent sulfhydry 1 oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative protein folding with the generation of disulfides...

Tanaka, T., Akatsuka, S., Ozeki, M., Shirase, T., Hiai, H., and S. Toyokuni, 2004, Redox regulation of annexin 2 and its implications for oxidative stress-induced renal carcinogenesis and metastasis. Oncogene. 13 23(22) 3980-9. 

A cellular redox regulator, glutathione, which undergoes NADP(H)-linked interconversion between the oxidized and reduced forms, also interconverts with its constituent amino acids (Glu, Gly, and Cys). Construct (search metabolic databases) the annotated glutathione metabolic cycle including its redox and anabolic/catabolic interconversions. 

Beer, S.M., Taylor, E.R., Brown, S.E., Dahm, C.C., Costa, N.J., Runswick, M.J., and Murphy, M.P. 2004. Glutaredoxin 2 catalyzes the reversible oxidation and glutathionylation of mitochondrial membrane thiol proteins implications for mitochondrial redox regulation and antioxidant defence. J. Biol. Chem. 279 47939-47951. 

Redox Regulation and Signaling Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Chemistry of Oxidative DNA Damage... 

Redox Regulation, Cytokine, and Nitric Oxide in Inflammation... 

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