Oxidative dehydrogenation steam reforming

The fundamentals of the use of infrared spectroscopy in the research on solid oxidation catalysts are briefly summarized. The application of IR to a number of case studies is reported they include methanol partial and total oxidation and steam reforming, CO oxidation and water gas shift, methylaromatics selective oxidations, oxidative dehydrogenation of butenes to butadiene, total oxidation of halide hydrocarbons and oxygenates, selective catalytic reduction of NOx. 

The TEM images of deposits observed on Catalyst I used for the steam reforming of naphthalene are shown in Fig. 5. Two types of deposits were observed and they were proved to be composed of mainly carbon by EDS elemental analysis. One of them is film-like deposit over catalysts as shown in Fig. 5(a). This type of coke seems to consist of a polymer of C H, radicals. The other is pyrolytic carbon, which gives image of graphite-like layer as shown in Fig. 5(b). Pyrolytic carbon seems to be produced in dehydrogenation of naphthalene. TPO profile is shown in Fig. 6. The peaks around 600 K and 1000 K are attributable to the oxidation of film-like carbon and pyrolytic carbon, respectively [11-13]. These results coincide with TEM observations. 

It includes the steam reforming of methane over a nickel catalyst to synthesis gas followed by the copper-catalyzed transformation of the latter to methanol (see Section 3.5.1). Finally, formaldehyde is produced by oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol. 

Skeletal Cu-Zn catalysts show great potential as alternatives to coprecipitated Cu0-Zn0-Al203 catalysts used commercially for low temperature methanol synthesis and water gas shift (WGS) reactions. They can also be used for other reactions such as steam reforming of methanol, methyl formate production by dehydrogenation of methanol, and hydrogenolysis of alkyl formates to produce alcohols. In all these reactions zinc oxide-promoted skeletal copper catalysts have been found to have high activity and selectivity. 

Hydrogenation of furan, 2,3-dihy-drofuran, silvan, and furfural Methanol steam reforming Coupling of dehydrogenation of isoamylenes and hydrodemethyN ation of toluene or oxidation of hydrogen ... 

ThermaW Dehydrogenation Hydrogenation Partial oxidation Pyrolysis I Steam reforming... 

There are two primary sources of commercial production of H2 [other than by-product H2 from dehydrogenation, etc]. They are SR [Steam Reforming] and the partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons. SR uses a variety of hydrocarbon sources. Both approaches convert the carbon components to CO2, but a large portion of H2 is derived from added steam. The amount of CO2 generated depends [7] upon the hydrocarbon feedstock. Most of the current chemical approaches to H2 production also produce CO2 as a by-product however, SMR coproduces much less CO2 than partial oxidation. Therefore, it does not make sense to use H2 to remove CO2 when more CO2 is produced whenever one makes H2. There is a very small need for making CO/H2O or CH4 from CO2/H2, and we already have ample catalysts for these reactions. 

Desulfurization of petroleum feedstock (FBR), catalytic cracking (MBR or FI BR), hydrodewaxing (FBR), steam reforming of methane or naphtha (FBR), water-gas shift (CO conversion) reaction (FBR-A), ammonia synthesis (FBR-A), methanol from synthesis gas (FBR), oxidation of sulfur dioxide (FBR-A), isomerization of xylenes (FBR-A), catalytic reforming of naphtha (FBR-A), reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline (FBR), butadiene from n-butanes (FBR-A), ethylbenzene by alkylation of benzene (FBR), dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene (FBR), methyl ethyl ketone from sec-butyl alcohol (by dehydrogenation) (FBR), formaldehyde from methanol (FBR), disproportionation of toluene (FBR-A), dehydration of ethanol (FBR-A), dimethylaniline from aniline and methanol (FBR), vinyl chloride from acetone (FBR), vinyl acetate from acetylene and acetic acid (FBR), phosgene from carbon monoxide (FBR), dichloroethane by oxichlorination of ethylene (FBR), oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (FBR), oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride (FBR), oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde (FBR), phthalic anhydride from o-xylene (FBR), furane from butadiene (FBR), acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene (FI BR)... 

A part from the steam reforming there are other interesting applications in the petrochemical industry methane dry reforming, catalytic partial oxidation, auto-thermal reforming, water gas shift, H2S cracking, and hydrocarbon dehydrogenation. More details about some of these applications are given in Chaps. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 

The adiabatic fixed-bed reactor with periodic flow reversal has three commercial applications, oxidation of SO2 for sulfuric acid production, oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for purification of industrial exhaust gases, and NO, reduction by ammonia in industrial exhaust gases. Other possible future applications are steam reforming and partial oxidation of methane for syngas production, synthesis of methanol and ammonia, and catalytic dehydrogenations (Matros and Bunimovich, 1996). 

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