Oxidation-reduction reactions combustion

Reactions of metals and nonmetals involve a transfer of electrons and are called oxidation-reduction reactions. A reaction between a nonmetal and oxygen is also an oxidation-reduction reaction. Combustion... 

Although essentially inert m acid-base reactions alkanes do participate m oxidation-reduction reactions as the compound that undergoes oxidation Burning m air (combus tion) IS the best known and most important example Combustion of hydrocarbons is exothermic and gives carbon dioxide and water as the products... 

Oxidation-reduction reactions, commonly called redox reactions, are an extremely important category of reaction. Redox reactions include combustion, corrosion, respiration, photosynthesis, and the reactions occurring in batteries. 

Oxidation—reduction reactions, commonly called redox reactions, are an extremely important category of reaction. Redox reactions include combustion, corrosion, respiration, photosynthesis, and the reactions involved in electrochemical cells (batteries). The driving force involved in redox reactions is the exchange of electrons from a more active species to a less active one. You can predict the relative activities from a table of activities or a halfreaction table. Chapter 16 goes into depth about electrochemistry and redox reactions. 

Fire is a self-sustaining, exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction. The fire reaction usually involves oxygen which forms the oxides of the fuel. The most important examples in petrochemical and hydrocarbon processing facilities are combustion reactions of hydrocarbons with oxygen. 

The basic reaction underlying the combustion of many gasless delay formulations is the Goldschmidt or thermite reaction where a metal powder and a metallic oxide interact in an oxidation-reduction reaction manner with the evolution of a large amount of heat but very little or no gas. Consequently, these formulations are used where no vent or very little vent is provided in the ammunition. Gasless delay formulations tend to burn faster under higher consolidation as the points of contact of fuel and oxidizer increase. This is because the reaction in this case is a solid state reaction by diffusion. 

Combustion is an oxidation-reduction reaction between a nonmetallic material and molecular oxygen. Combustion reactions are characteristically exothermic (energy releasing). A violent combustion reaction is the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen. As discussed in Section 9.5, the energy from this reaction is used to power rockets into space. More common examples of combustion include the burning of wood and fossil fuels. The combustion of these and other carbon-based chemicals forms carbon dioxide and water. Consider, for example, the combustion of methane, the major component of natural gas ... 

In me previous chapter we discussed acid-base reactions, which are chemical reactions involving the transfer of pro Lons from one reactant to another. In this chapter, we explored oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Oxidation-reduction reactions have many applications, such as in photography, batteries, fuel cells, the manufacture and corrosion of metals, and the combustion of non-metallic materials such as wood. 

Combustion An exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction between a nonmetallic material and molecular oxygen. 

Adsorption by activated carbon is commonly employed for the removal of TNT from aq waste streams, eg, pink water formed in shell-loading operations. Low efficiency in regeneration of the carbon for reuse has led to a study of the factors involved (Ref 99), with conclusions as follows. The TNT is adsorbed at many of the numerous high-energy sites on the surface of the carbon. Basic materials, introduced during activation of the carbon by combustion and oxidation and also present at these sites, then induce oxidation-reduction reactions of the methyl with the nitro groups in the TNT. This is... 

Alkanes contain only C-C and C-H bonds, both of which are relatively strong. For that reason, they have little tendency to undergo many kinds of reactions common to some other organic chemicals, such as acid-base reactions or low-temperature oxidation-reduction reactions. However, at elevated temperatures alkanes readily undergo oxidation — more specifically combustion — with molecular oxygen in air, as shown by the following reaction of propane ... 

High-temperature stabilized NO-, zirconia potentiometric sensors are also being utilized [187], The electrochemical reactions on zirconia devices take place at the triple-phase boundary, that is, the junction between the electrode, electrolyte, and gas [186], It has been reported that sensors composed of a W03 electrode, yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte, and Pt-loaded zeolite filters demonstrate high sensitivity toward NO,, and are free from interferences from CO, propane, and ammonia, and are subject to minimal interferences from humidity and oxygen, at levels typically present in combustion environments [188], In this sensor, a steady-state potential arises when the oxidation-reduction reaction [186,188]... 

There are over a hundred elements in the periodic table and thus the possible fuel combinations become extremely large. However, the basic purpose of specific compounds in propellant systems is simply to introduce certain elements into the combustion process. It is rare that the heat of formation of a propellant influences the performance of an oxidation-reduction reaction system. Monopropellants, which undergo decomposition reactions, are not included, of course, in this generalization. The amount of energy released by a given combustion reaction is equal to the differences in the heat of formation of the products and reactants stated in equation form, one has ... 

In this section only such oxidation-reduction reactions are dealt with as have importance in qualitative analysis. Other processes, with technological or historical importance, such as combustion or extraction of metals are not treated here as these fall outside the scope of this book. 

There is another common way to classify chemical reactions acid-base reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, and reactions of more complicated types (beyond the scope of this book). Acid-base reactions are considered to involve the reactions of hydrogen ions with hydroxide ions. The reactions of acids and bases will be taken up in this section, and a more sophisticated view of these reactions is presented in Chapter 19. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one substance to another. Many combination reactions, many decomposition reactions, all single substitution reactions, and all combustion reactions are of this type, but more complex examples are presented in Chapters 16 and 17. 

We have already balanced a number of simple oxidation-reduction equations, starting in Chapter 8. Most combination and decomposition reactions and all single substitution and combustion reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions. However, many oxidation-reduction reactions are much more complicated than the ones we have already considered, and we must use a systematic method for balancing equations for them. Unfortunately, many different systematic methods are used, and each chemistry instructor seems to have his or her own favorite method. Most instructors will accept any valid method that a student understands, however. The method outlined here is a standard method that should be acceptable. 

Combustion (Section 4.14B) An oxidation-reduction reaction, in which an alkane or other organic compound reacts with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O, releasing energy. 

Oxidation-reduction reactions are ofter accompanied by release of heat and sometimes, flame. Combustion reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions that occur when oxygen oxidizes another material. For example, burning carbon in a lump of coal produces carbon dioxide. The reaction can be illustrated as ... 

Combustion— An oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs so rapidly that noticeable heat and light are produced. 

The reaction of magnesium and oxygen involves a transfer of electrons from magnesium to oxygen. Therefore, this reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Using the classifications given in Chapter 10, this redox reaction also is classified as a combustion reaction. 

Oxidation-reduction reactions are among the most important in chemistry, biochemistry, and industry. Combustion of coal, natural gas, and gasoline for heat and power are redox reactions, as are the recovery of metals such as iron and aluminum from their oxide ores and the production of chemicals such as sulfuric acid from sulfur, air, and water. The human body metabolizes sugars through redox reactions to obtain energy the reaction products are liquid water and gaseous carbon dioxide. 

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