Oxidation reactions of carbon monoxide

FURTHER OXIDATION REACTIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS... 

Similarly the fast oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide proves to be amenable to the concept of opposing-reactant geometry [Veldsink et al., 1992]. In this case, alpha-alumina membrane pores are deposited with platinum as the catalyst for the reaction to proceed at about 250°C. 

Most investigations were concerned with the oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide on manganese peroxide, copper oxide, and some other oxides. The pioneer investigators (46, 47) came to the conclusion about the participation of oxygen of oxide catalysts in this reaction. Contrary... 

The kinetics of the preferential oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide (PrOx), for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (H2OX) and for the reverse water-gas shift reaction (RWGS) were provided, which had been determined in the relevant parameter space [398] ... 

The only industrially important processes for the manufacturing of synthetic benzaldehyde involve the hydrolysis of benzal chloride [98-87-3] and the air oxidation of toluene. The hydrolysis of benzal chloride, which is produced by the side-chain chlorination of toluene, is the older of the two processes. It is no longer utilized ia the United States. Other processes, including the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, the reduction of benzoyl chloride, and the reaction of carbon monoxide and benzene, have been utilized ia the past, but they no longer have any iadustrial appHcation. 

Methanol Synthesis. Methanol has been manufactured on an industrial scale by the cataly2ed reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen since 1924. The high pressure processes, which utili2e 2inc oxide—chromium oxide catalysts, are operated above 20 MPa (200 atm) and temperatures of 300—400°C. The catalyst contains approximately 72 wt % 2inc oxide, 22 wt % chromium (II) oxide, 1 wt % carbon, and 0.1 wt % chromium (VI) the balance is materials lost on heating. 

A new route to ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide via the intermediate formation of ethylene carbonate has recently been developed by Texaco. Ethylene carbonate may be formed by the reaction of carbon monoxide, ethylene oxide, and oxygen. Alternatively, it could be obtained by the reaction of phosgene and methanol. 

In Figure 4.10 are shown the lines corresponding to the standard free energies of formation of a metal oxide and of carbon monoxide also shown is the line for the free energy change associated with the reaction... 

One disadvantage of this technology is the large energy requirement of the first, highly endothermic, step. The process is also inefficient in the sense that it first transforms methane in an oxidative reaction to carbon monoxide, which, in turn, is reduced to methanol, and the latter is oxidized again to formaldehyde. The direct conversion of methane, therefore, would be a more efficient way in the production of methanol and formaldehyde. 

The remainder of this section considers several experimental studies of reactions to which the Smoluchowski theory of diffusion-controlled chemical reaction rates may be applied. These are fluorescence quenching of aromatic molecules by the heavy atom effect or electron transfer, reactions of the solvated electron with oxidants (where no longe-range transfer is implicated), the recombination of photolytically generated radicals and the reaction of carbon monoxide with microperoxidase. 

The carbanion is trapped with iodine to give 42. which makes a further functionali/aiion possible. Conversion of vinylic iodide 42 into a lactone is accomplished by palladium-cataly/ed carbonyla-tion under Stille conditions.13 This process ean be broken down into the following elementary reactions a) Oxidative addition of Pd° to vinylic iodide 42 with formation of 43 b) An insertion reaction of carbon monoxide with creation of the pallada-acyl species 44 c) Reaction of acid-chloride equivalent 44 with the alcohol to give lactone 13. 

Helling and Tester (1987) reported the oxidation kinetics of carbon monoxide over the temperature range 420 to 570°C at a pressure of 246 bar (24.6 MPa). Holgate and Tester (1994) examined oxidation kinetics of carbon monoxide. In addition to direct oxidation with oxygen, Helling and Tester found that the reaction of carbon monoxide with water was significant, as the following equations show ... 

Now possibilities of the MC simulation allow to consider complex surface processes that include various stages with adsorption and desorption, surface reaction and diffusion, surface reconstruction, and new phase formation, etc. Such investigations become today as natural analysis of the experimental studying. The following papers [282-285] can be referred to as corresponding examples. Authors consider the application of the lattice models to the analysis of oscillatory and autowave processes in the reaction of carbon monoxide oxidation over platinum and palladium surfaces, the turbulent and stripes wave patterns caused by limited COads diffusion during CO oxidation over Pd(110) surface, catalytic processes over supported nanoparticles as well as crystallization during catalytic processes. 

Again, the homogeneous reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen is implicitly included in the parameter, y of Equation (Rl). Further, we neglect the gas phase oxidation of hydrogen... 

The reaction of carbon monoxide with hydroxyl radicals is a very important reaction in the lower atmosphere. It oxidizes CO, a highly toxic gas... 

An example of an adsorption-limited reaction is the synthesis of ammonia the reaction of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is an example of a sm-face-limited reaction. The synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen,... 

The study of the various reactions of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and oxygen at oxide surfaces holds a particularly important place in the development of research in heterogeneous catalysis. Not only are the well-established technical aspects of these reactions continuously monitored by those engaged in chemical industry, but the chemist interested in fundamental studies of the interaction of gases with oxides naturally turns to the behavior of these gases because of the combination of high reactivity and molecular simplicity which they afford. Finally, for the chemical physicist,... 

The surface reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen on nickel oxide 16) and on cobalt oxide 17) was also investigated by the same method of... 

The main reaction which occurs during propane oxidation with O2 (12.3% C3Hg in air) is the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen formation. The theoretical... 

Structural sensitivity of the catalytic reactions is one of the most important problems in heterogeneous catalysis [1,2]. It has been rather thoroughly studied for metals, while for oxides, especially for dispersed ones, situation is far less clear due to inherent complexity of studies of their bulk and surface atomic structure. In last years, successful development of such methods as HREM and STM along with the infrared spectroscopy of test molecules has formed a sound bases for elucidating this problem in the case of oxides. In the work presented, the results of the systematic studies of the bulk/surface defect structure of the oxides of copper, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese as related to structural sensitivity of the reactions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons oxidation are considered. 

Catalytic properties in the reactions of carbon monoxide oxidation (all oxides) and butene oxidative dehydrogenation (iron oxides) were studied using a microreactor with the vibrofluidized bed of catalysts and pulse/flow kinetic installation [4], Catalytic activities were characterized by the reaction rate W (molec. COWs) in differential conditions and first-order rate constant K (dm butene (STP) /m -s-atm), respectively. 

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