Oxidation reaction, microbial

Sodium chlorite has also been used for treatment and removal of toxic and odorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Chlorine dioxide from chlorite is also useful for microbial and slime control in paper mills and alkaline paper machine systems (164,165). The use of sodium chlorite in textile bleaching and stripping is well known. Cotton is not degraded by sodium chlorite because the oxidation reactions are specific for the hemiceUulose and lignin components of the fibers. 

Thermodynamic Disequilibrium and Microbial Catalysis of Oxidation Reactions... 

Sariaslani FS, LR McGee, DW Ovenall (1987) Microbial transformation of precocene II oxidative reactions by Streptomyces griseus. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 1780-1784. 

The genus Thiobacillus, especially the species T. denitrificans catalyzed the oxidation reactions of hydrogen sulfide yielding soluble hydrosulfide compounds, elemental sulfur, and sulfuric acid. Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are converted to hydrogen sulfide by hydrolysis. Additionally, they are oxidized to SOx and sulfates via microbial action. The reported oxidation reactions of thiosulfate using nitrate as electron acceptor are ... 

Bacteriological sulfur, 23 577-578 Bacteriophages, 3 135 12 474 in fermentation, 11 46 Bacteriorhodopsin, 20 826, 840 photochromic material, 6 603 Bacteriosins, 12 76. See also Bacteriocins Bacteriostatic water, 18 714 Bacterium lactis, 11 7 Baculovirus expression system, 5 346 Baddeleyite, 21 489 26 623-624 colorants for ceramics, 7 346t Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik (BASF) terpenoid manufacture process, 24 481 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reactions, 14 592 chiral recognition by enzymes, 3 675 microbial, 16 401 Baffled shellside flow, 13 262 Baffles, in stirred tank geometries,... 

An examination of data in Table 2 from the point of view of reaction types shows a striking similarity in the reactions catalyzed by animal and microbial systems, especially in the monooxygenase-catalyzed oxidation reactions. They illustrate the large variety of reactions involved in Phase I (and occasionally... 

Table 15.2 Oxidation reactions in microbial pesticide metabolism (Bollag and Liu 1990)...

The oxidation reactions are dependent on the microbial reactions with the end result of accelerating the transformation of FeS2 to ferrous sulfate, and thus equation (1) represents the overall reaction stoichiometry. Other reactions provide possible mechanistic pathways for the microbial pyritic dissolution. 

The design rules for fermentative metabolism in bacteria are few in number and are widely expressed in the microbial world. Firstly, the fermentation process always involves the partial oxidation of substrate, although there is a tremendous diversity in choice of substrate. Almost any organic compound can be fermented by some microorganism somewhere. Secondly, the oxidative reaction or reactions must always be balanced by subsequent reductive reactions in order to allow sustained func-... 

Figure 12 Major reduction-oxidation reactions involving nitrogen. The reactions are numbered as follows (1) mineralization, (2) ammonium assimilation, (3) nitrification, (4) assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate reduction, (5) ammonium oxidation, (6) nitrite oxidation, (7) assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrate reduction, (8) assimilatory or dissimilatory nitrite reduction, (9) denitrification, (10) chemodenitrification, (11) anaerobic ammonium oxidation, and (12) dinitrogen fixation (after Capone, 1991) (reproduced by permission of ASM Press from Microbial Production and Consumption of Greenhouse Gases Methane, Nitrogen Oxides, and Halomethanes, 1991).

Sulfide-mineral oxidation by microbial populations has been postulated to proceed via direct or indirect mechanisms (Tributsch and Bennett, 1981a,b Boon and Heijnen, 2001 Fowler, 2001 Sand et al., 2001 Tributsch, 2001). In the direct mechanism, it is assumed that the action taken by the attached cell or bacterium on a metal sulfide will solubilize the mineral surface through direct enzymatic oxidation reactions. The sulfur moiety on the mineral surface is oxidized to sulfate without the production of any detectable intermediates. The indirect mechanism assumes that the cell or bacteria do not act directly on the sulfide-mineral surface, but catalyze reactions proximal to the mineral surface. The products of these bacterially catalyzed reactions act on the mineral surfaces to promote oxidation of the dissolved Fe(II) and S° that are generated via chemical oxidative processes. Ferrous iron and S°, present at the mineral surface, are biologically oxidized to Fe(III) and sulfate. Physical attachment is not required for the bacterial catalysis to occur. The resulting catalysis promotes chemical oxidation of the sulfide-mineral surface, perpetuating the sulfide oxidation process (Figure 1). 

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