Oxidation halogenative

Magnesium Air, beryllium fluoride, ethylene oxide, halogens, halocarbons, HI, metal cyanides, metal oxides, metal oxosalts, methanol, oxidants, peroxides, sulfur, tellurium... 

Antagonism between antimony oxide and phosphoms flame retardants has been reported in several polymer systems, and has been explained on the basis of phosphoms interfering with the formation or volatilization of antimony haUdes, perhaps by forming antimony phosphate (12,13). This phenomenon is also not universal, and depends on the relative amounts of antimony and phosphoms. Some useful commercial poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations have been described for antimony oxide and triaryl phosphates (42). Combinations of antimony oxide, halogen compounds, and phosphates have also been found useful in commercial flexible urethane foams (43). 

Meta.1 Oxides. Halogen-containing elastomers such as polychloropreae and chlorosulfonated polyethylene are cross-linked by their reaction with metal oxides, typically ziac oxide. The metal oxide reacts with halogen groups ia the polymer to produce an active iatermediate which then reacts further to produce carbon—carbon cross-links. Ziac chloride is Hberated as a by-product and it serves as an autocatalyst for this reaction. Magnesium oxide is typically used with ZnCl to control the cure rate and minimize premature cross-linking (scorch). 

General Reaction Chemistry of Sulfonic Acids. Sulfonic acids may be used to produce sulfonic acid esters, which are derived from epoxides, olefins, alkynes, aHenes, and ketenes, as shown in Figure 1 (10). Sulfonic acids may be converted to sulfonamides via reaction with an amine in the presence of phosphoms oxychloride [10025-87-3] POCl (H)- Because sulfonic acids are generally not converted directiy to sulfonamides, the reaction most likely involves a sulfonyl chloride intermediate. Phosphoms pentachlotide [10026-13-8] and phosphoms pentabromide [7789-69-7] can be used to convert sulfonic acids to the corresponding sulfonyl haUdes (12,13). The conversion may also be accompHshed by continuous electrolysis of thiols or disulfides in the presence of aqueous HCl [7647-01-0] (14) or by direct sulfonation with chlorosulfuric acid. Sulfonyl fluorides are typically prepared by direct sulfonation with fluorosulfutic acid [7789-21-17, or by reaction of the sulfonic acid or sulfonate with fluorosulfutic acid. Halogenation of sulfonic acids, which avoids production of a sulfonyl haUde, can be achieved under oxidative halogenation conditions (15). 

A number of flame-retardant finishes have been developed for outdoor cotton fabrics. Various experimental and commercial finishes have been compared (149). Most noteworthy is that THPOH—NH finishes do not perform as well outdoors as the THPOH—NH precondensate finishes. Likewise, antimony oxide—halogen finishes perform exceptionally well on outdoor fabrics. 

Examples are given of common operations such as absorption of ammonia to make fertihzers and of carbon dioxide to make soda ash. Also of recoveiy of phosphine from offgases of phosphorous plants recoveiy of HE oxidation, halogenation, and hydrogenation of various organics hydration of olefins to alcohols oxo reaction for higher aldehydes and alcohols ozonolysis of oleic acid absorption of carbon monoxide to make sodium formate alkylation of acetic acid with isobutylene to make teti-h ty acetate, absorption of olefins to make various products HCl and HBr plus higher alcohols to make alkyl hahdes and so on. 

These three initial classes of product may then be converted to other chemicals by oxidation, halogenation, alkylation, hydration, carbonylation, telomerisation and many other reactions. There are nowadays few intermediates for plastics that cannot be produced more cheaply from petroleum than from other sources. 

Use of high or low temperature, high pressure, vacuum or possible hazardous reactions (polymerization, oxidation, halogenation, hydrogenation, alkylation, nitration, etc.)... 

Ammonia can also react violently with a large selection of chemicals including ethylene oxide, halogens, heavy metals, and oxidants such as chromium trioxide, dichlorine oxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, liquid oxygen, and potassium chlorate. 

When the desired halide is hydrolytically unstable then dry methods must be used, often at elevated temperatures. Pre-eminent amongst these methods is the oxidative halogenation of metals (or non-metals) with X2 or HX when more than one oxidation state is available X2 sometimes gives the higher and HX the lower, e.g. ... 

Air contaminants Gases sulphur oxides, halogen compounds Mists aerosols, salt, alkalies Particulates sand, dust, grease... 

There is some similarity between the cracking of petroleum and the cracking of biomass. However, biomass is more complex chemically both in terms of structrual types and functional groups. In petrochemistry, hydrocarbons are fractionated and they are then functionalized by oxidation, halogenation, nitration and other chemical processes so as to add value. The commodity chemicals are then built up into more complex molecules using such popular synthetic methods as Friedel Craft reactions, Michael and aldol condensations, and Heck and Suzuki couplings. The speciality products of these reactions are then further elaborated into formulations for use in everyday applications ranging from personal care... 

See Dichlorine oxide Halogens Metal nitrates Nitric acid, all above, Oxygen, below... 

Oxidative Halogen Addition to Chalcogen-ocarbonyl Functions R2C = Y and to Phosphine Selenides R3P — Se 850... 

Oxidative Halogen Addition to Chalcogenocarbonyl Functions R2C=Y and to Phosphine Selenides R3P=Se... 

Borchardt SA, Allain EJ, Michels JJ, Stearns GW, Kelly RF, McCoy WF (2001) Reaction of acylated homoserine lactone bacterial signaling molecules with oxidized halogen antimicrobials. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 3174-3179... 

Several of the partially lower-alkylated derivatives of non-metal hydrides are pyrophoric in air. With other gaseous oxidants (halogens, etc.) the reaction may be explosive. The class includes the groups ... 

Xenon tetraoxide, 4863 Xenon trioxide, 4857 See GRAPHITE OXIDE, HALOGEN OXIDES... 

Disinfectants come from various chemical classes, including oxidants, halogens or halogen-releasing agents, alcohols, aldehydes, organic acids, phenols, cationic surfactants (detergents) and formerly also heavy metals. The basic mechanisms of action involve de-naturation of proteins, inhibition of enzymes, or a dehydration. Effects are dependent on concentration and contact time. 

Krypton difluoride is used as a powerful oxidizing agent to oxidize halogen fluorides and gold. 

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