Overview of the Immune Response

As indicated, one of the primary responsibilities of the immune system is to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign pathogens. The immune response consists of two primary components innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity.18,23 Innate immuni- 

Proliferation, amplification, and recruitment. T cells continue to replicate and proliferate, thus producing more lymphokines, which further amplifies the T-cell effects. These lymphokines also recruit lymphocytes derived from bone marrow—that is, B cells.74 Under the direction 

Clearly, the immune response is an intricate sequence of events that involves a complex interaction between a number of cellular and humoral components. The overview provided here is just a brief summary of how some of the primary components participate in mediating acquired immunity. Readers are referred to additional sources for more information on this topic.16,18,49 

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Overview of the Immune System The Humoral Response B Cells and T Cells Working Together... 

The innate and adaptive branches of the immune response are both needed for optimal immune function, and the two interact extensively.18,23 The adaptive response s ability to recognize and deal with foreign pathogens likewise involves an incredibly complex interaction between various cellular and chemical (humoral) components.23 48 51 A detailed description of the intricacies of how these components work together is beyond the scope of this chapter. Many aspects of the immune response are still being investigated. An overview of key cellular and humoral elements that mediate acquired immunity is illustrated in Figure 37-1, and these elements are described briefly below. 

The intestinal immune response, or more appropriately the immunophysiological response, to tapeworms can be considered in two categories (i) creation of an inhospitable environment and (ii) active humoral events aimed at destruction of the tegument, destro-bilization and scolex detachment. We provide a brief overview of the response to cestodes, with pertinent species-specific and life-cycle stage-specific events given in the following section. 

Franchimont D. Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response a good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 1024 124-137. 

Chaplin DD. Overview of the human immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 117(suppl mini-primer) S430-S435. 

TCDD and structurally related compounds elicit a wide range of adverse effects. Of the many adverse responses observed both in humans and experimental animals after exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the ones that appear at the lowest dose (more sensitive) are perhaps developmental/reproductive effects, alterations in the immune response, and neoplasia. An overview of the mechanism(s) involved in these effects is presented below. Detailed mechanistic explanations are beyond the scope of this profile. Some of the information has been extracted from recent reviews on these subjects (Kerkvliet 1995 Lucier et al. 1993a Peterson et al. 1993). 

In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of the role of LPS as a M AMP in plant innate immunity. We will give an overview of the range of responses induced by LPS, the sub-structures within LPS that are recognized by plants and variations within the LPS structure that can alter its activity as a MAMP. We will go on to discuss new work that suggests a role for the plasma-membrane resident syntaxin PEN1 in transduction of the LPS signal. 

Macrophages and all MP in general, are known to produce a plethora of immune factors that are secreted into the environment and can act in a paracrine and/or autocrine manner. The microenvironment affects timing, dosage, and the receptiveness of the target cells. Moreover, there are very few of these immune factors that are solely attributed to MP, and multiple other cell types express immune mediators. Nonetheless, several of these factors may w ork in concert with others and it is difficult to delineate individual versus combined effects. Thus, the varied biological effects of these factors are not mutually exclusive and thus the net effect of the response in the microenvironment may be unpredictable. Table 9.2 provides an overview of the major... 

Fig. 8.1 An overview of the cells involved in the immune response both innate and adaptive components. The cells arise from a pluripotent progenitor cell within the bone marrow, with their growth and differentiation controlled by numerous growth factors. The T lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus gland.

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