Outfall Structure

Abstract This chapter discusses disposal to surface water, the most common method of concentrate management. This includes concentrate that is directly disposed of into rivers, creeks, lakes, oceans, bays, and other bodies of water. Concentrate is piped to the site of disposal, where it is discharged to the receiving body of water via an outfall structure. The environmental impacts of surface water disposal may be lessened by diluting the concentrate prior to discharge, or by dilution of the concentrate through the design of the outfall strucmre and diffusers. Pretreatment processes that lessen the impact on the environment should also be considered. 

The two major design factors for surface water discharge are the transport of concentrate to the outfall site, and the design of the outfall structure. The design of the transport system and the outfall strucffire will depend upon the proximity of the plant to the site of disposal, and the body of water into which the concentrate will be discharged. 

Use of the existing power plant ocean intake and outfall structures, thus precluding the need to construct separate such infrastructure for the SWRO plant and saving a substantial portion of the desalting plant capital cost. 

Seal drains that fed N Reactor NPDES permitted outfall structures and/or valved off to each facility and screen at the outlet for vermin control. 

N ia the seal well and outfall structure which returns cooling water to the Columbia River. 

Cephalosporin C (12), a second class of P-lactam antibiotics, was first discovered from Cephalosporium acremonium, isolated from a sewer outfall of Sardinia, Italy in 1948. Although Cephalosporin C was less active than penicillin G, it was less prone to P-lactamase action and therefore attracted a lot of attention that led to the development of five generations of orally active clirucal agents (e.g., cephalexin, 13 and general structure, 14) (5, 6). 

Cephalosporins were first obtained from a filamentous fungus Cephalosporium cultured from the sea near a Sardinian sewage outfall in 1945 their molecular structure is closely related to that of penicillin, and many semisynthetic forms have been introduced. They now comprise a group of antibiotics having a wide range of activity and low toxicity. The term cephalosporins will be used here in a general sense although some are strictly cephamycins, e.g. cefoxitin and cefotetan. 

The anti-bacterial activity of the penicillins stimulated a major search for other antibiotics. Many compounds were isolated from amongst the metabolites of Streptomycetes obtained from soil. These included therapeutically useful antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, the tetracyclines, erythromycin and streptomycin. Several fungi yielded useful compounds. One of these was Cephalosporium acremonium. A biologically-active strain was obtained by Brotzu from a sewage outfall near Cagliari in Sardinia in 1945 and described in 1946. The p-lactam cephalosporin C (1.23) was isolated from this organism in 1954 and its structure determined in 1961 by Abraham and Newton. 

Reclamations directly adjacent to open water (marine and coastal waters) require carefully designed and constructed shore protection measures to defend the new land against hydraulic attack (currents, waves). Banks and beds of canals, channels, ditches, outfalls and other types of open surface drains (inland waters) constructed on or adjacent to the reclamation may have to be lined to prevent scour. Depending on the type of structure, the future development, the magnitude and intensity of hydraulic loading and the level of damage that is considered to be acceptable, various options exist to protect the reclamation area ... 

Capital cost savings by avoiding the construction of separate intake pipeline and structure and new discharge outfall. Decrease of the required RO system feed pressure and power cost savings as a result of using warmer water. 

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