Outcomes types

Outcome Type Tumor association with treatment3 Mortality association with treatment Interpretation13... 

Table 23.1 provides examples of clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes. Each outcome type is not mutually exclusive, for example pain... 

Project Outcome Type Nature of the Outcome Examples... 

Consequence assessment is the main part of risk based assessment and models for different outcome types-dispersion, flash fire, jet fire, vapor cloud explosion are presented in the later sections. As the Figure 5 shows, consequence areas, component damage areas and personal injury areas concluded, of each identified hazard with a range of hole size is determined based on LNG gas properties and ambient condition. 

Equivalence Is in the Eye of the Beholder The equivalence of two FI experiment outcomes purely depends on the experimenter s definition. While for one type of FI campaign, any deviation from the golden run is a. failure, for others a detailed differentiation into several outcome types (cf. Sect. 1) is important. Hence, multiple def/use classes are similar only under the chosen evaluation metric. 

In the context of chemometrics, optimization refers to the use of estimated parameters to control and optimize the outcome of experiments. Given a model that relates input variables to the output of a system, it is possible to find the set of inputs that optimizes the output. The system to be optimized may pertain to any type of analytical process, such as increasing resolution in hplc separations, increasing sensitivity in atomic emission spectrometry by controlling fuel and oxidant flow rates (14), or even in industrial processes, to optimize yield of a reaction as a function of input variables, temperature, pressure, and reactant concentration. The outputs ate the dependent variables, usually quantities such as instmment response, yield of a reaction, and resolution, and the input, or independent, variables are typically quantities like instmment settings, reaction conditions, or experimental media. 

Type of Data In general, statistics deals with two types of data counts and measurements. Counts represent the number of discrete outcomes, such as the number of defective parts in a shipment, the number of lost-time accidents, and so forth. Measurement data are treated as a continuum. For example, the tensile strength of a synthetic yarn theoretically could be measured to any degree of precision. A subtle aspect associated with count and measurement data is that some types of count data can be dealt with through the application of techniques which have been developed for measurement data alone. This abihty is due to the fact that some simphfied measurement statistics sei ve as an excellent approximation for the more tedious count statistics. 

The study of the stereochemical course of organic reactions often leads to detailed insight into reaction mechanisms. Mechanistic postulates ftequently make distinctive predictions about the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. Throughout the chapters dealing with specific types of reactions, consideration will be given to the stereochemistry of a reaction and its relationship to the reaction mechanism. As an example, the bromination of alkenes can be cited. A very simple mechanism for bromination is given below ... 

Vision is vital for human activities, and eyes are very sensitive to a number of toxic insults induced by chemical compounds. The most serious outcome is permanent eye damage which may be so severe as to cause loss of vision. The eye consists of the cornea and conjunctiva, the choroid, the iris, and the ciliary body. It also contains the retina, which is of neural origin, and the optic nerve. The retina contains photoreceptors, a highly specific light-sensitive type of neural tissue. The eye also contains the lens and a small cerebrospinal fluid system, the aqueous humor system, that is important for the maintenance of the steady state of hydration of the lens and thus the transparency of the eye. 

Generally, risk assessment has focused on the first type of error, since the main interest in human reliability was in the context of human actions that were required as part of an emergency response. However, a comprehensive Consequence Analysis has to also consider other types, since both of these outcomes could constitute sources of risk to the individual or the plant. 

Fishbone Diagrams are cause-and-effect diagrams used in quality management to help describe all the activities that can influence the management process and its outcome. These diagrams show the relationship between different activities and how they are grouped around specific types of activity. 

Since 1970 tlie field of healtli risk assessment Itas received widespread attention witliin both tlie scientific and regulatoiy committees. It has also attracted tlie attention of the public. Properly conducted risk assessments have received fairly broad acceptance, in part because they put into perspective the terms to. ic, Itazard, and risk. Toxicity is an inlierent property of all substances. It states tliat all chemical and physical agents can produce adverse healtli effects at some dose or under specific exposure conditions. In contrast, exposure to a chemical tliat lias tlie capacity to produce a particular type of adverse effect, represents a health hazard. Risk, however, is tlie probability or likelihood tliat an adverse outcome will occur in a person or a group tliat is exposed to a particular concentration or dose of the hazardous agent. Tlierefore, risk can be generally a function of exposure and dose. Consequently, healtli risk assessment is defined as tlie process or procedure used to estimate tlie likelihood that... 

Modified ADL Usage Not used as even events normally expected to occur c m lead to an uiidesired outcome and data may not be any more accurate than for any other type of event... 

There is an increasing tendency to treat drinking waters to remove organic material. This is to minimise the formation of haloforms, produced when the water is chlorinated, which have heeilth implications . Organics are known to affect certain corrosion processes, e.g. type I copper pitting and the formation of protective corrosion product layers. However, the outcome of this development is difficult to predict as not all the organic material present is removed. 

I-Oialkoxy carbonyl compounds are a special class of chiral alkoxy carbonyl compounds because they combine the structural features, and, therefore, also the stereochemical behavior, of 7-alkoxy and /i-alkoxy carbonyl compounds. Prediction of the stereochemical outcome of nucleophilic additions to these substrates is very difficult and often impossible. As exemplified with isopropylidene glyceraldehyde (Table 15), one of the most widely investigated a,/J-di-alkoxy carbonyl compoundsI0S, the predominant formation of the syn-diastereomer 2 may be attributed to the formation of the a-chelate 1 A. The opposite stereochemistry can be rationalized by assuming the Felkin-Anh-type transition state IB. Formation of the /(-chelate 1C, which stabilizes the Felkin-Anh transition state, also leads to the predominant formation of the atm -diastereomeric reaction product. 

The Lewis acid mediated addition of silyl enol ethers or silylketcne acetals to oc-alkoxyaldehydcs is the most versatile and reliable method of providing chelation control in aldol-type additions3. The stereochemical outcome is as predicted by Cram s cyclic model11 ... 

As the results show, the chirality of the a-alkoxy center, as well as the type of allyl metal employed, are the two most important determinants for the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. In other words, the 1,2-asymmetric induction combined with the right choice of the allyl organometallic overrides the influence of the chiral nitrogen substituent. 

However, the configuration of the major isomer obtained in the conjugate addition to methyl ( )-3-[(35,)-3-tot-butoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimcthyl-4-oxazolidinyl]-2-propenoate (entry 3) did not depend on the cuprate type alkyl-, vinyl-, 2-methylpropenyl-, phenyl-, and benzvl-cuprates induced the same sense of asymmetry, although the absolute configuration was not determined5. Here also, the stereochemical outcome was not dependent upon the geometry of the double bond. 

---