Other Packaging

Aluminum is an impermeable UV-VIS photon barrier. Therefore, packaging of this metal, metal tubes, foil or coated on plastic films can provide 100% light protection for the drug preparations stored inside. 

The photoprotective effect of the foil was demonstrated in studies using the highly photosenstive riboflavine solution. In spite of intense photo exposure, no photodegradation of the aluminum-wrapped riboflavine solution was detectable (35). 

Aluminum tubes are often used as the immediate package for dermal preparations. One important point to remember is that after the application of creams, ointments, or gels to the skin, all of the photo protection provided by the packaging is lost and photodegradation can occur. Topically applied drug substances with proven photoinstability, e.g., corticosteroids (36), retinoic acid (37), dithranol (38), and anti-mycotics (natamycine and nystatine) (39) fall into this category. 

One additional use for aluminum foil is as mantles (sleeves) to cover the primary packaging of photosensitive products. For example, mesalazine rectal solutions have been photostabilized using this approach. Without this protective measure the product, packaged and stored in transparent plastic containers, would develop a strong brown discoloration, when exposed to normal indoor daylight (41). 

Folding cartons are a frequently used form of secondary packaging. They represent a strong barrier against all radiation, UV and VIS. During storage in a closed carton, no photodegradation is likely to occur. 

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In the area of gas permeabiUty, the low crystallinity of a typical ionomer ( 30%) results in relatively high permeabiUty to oxygen. For packaging of fresh meat this is advantageous, but in other packaging areas, combination with a barrier layer may be requited (see Barrier polymers). 

Cast films provide a high clarity, heat sealable film and are primarily used as an overwrap for boxes and other packaging. These films have a lower density than cellophane and provide a longer product shelf life. Properties of polypropylene films are given in Table 12. 

Vinyl compares favorably to other packaging materials. In 1992, a lifecycle assessment comparison of specific packages made from glass, paperboard, paper, and selected plastics concluded that vinyl was the material that has the lowest production energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as the lowest fossil fuel and raw material requirements of the plastics studied (169). Vinyl saves more than 34 million Btu per 1000 pounds manufactured compared to the highest energy-consuming plastic (170). 

Furthermore, it is not tme that other plastics are more environmentally friendly than vinyl. A more recent study compared vinyl to a number of other packaging materials and found that vinyl consumed the least amount of energy, used the lowest level of fossil fuels, consumed the least amount of raw materials, and produced the lowest levels of carbon dioxide of any of the plastics studied (184). In fact, the Norwegian environmental group BeUona has concluded that a generally reduced use of vinyl plastics can lead to a worsening of the environmental situation (185). 

A wide array of general-purpose distillation packages are available to the engineer. Some of the distillation software is stand-alone, whereas other packages are a part of a general-purpose flow sheet or process-simulation system. Because distillation is so universal, all process simulators have one or more distillation program modules for this unit operation. Often the nature of the distillation modules determines the suitabiUty of or the preference for the use of a specific simulator for an appHcation. 

Prepares shipper s declaration and identifies marking, labeling, and other packaging requirements. 

Several investigators have published research on incompatibilities of preservatives with rubber closures and other packaging components, particularly polymeric materials [11]. Again, challenging the product with selected microorganisms to measure bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity is necessary, including evaluation of efficacy as a function of time throughout the anticipated shelf life of the product. 

D. Other Packages Using Paper-Based Materials... 

The packaging and labeling operations to be done in close proximity to other packaging and labeling operations... 

In the following chapters, the above-named measures are described and benchmarked. The substitution of recycled board packaging for foodstuff by other packaging systems from glass, metal or plastics will not be considered here. 

Packages are built by importing other packages and by extending the imported definitions (Section 7.2). This import facility can be used to effectively partition development work in several useful ways (Section 7.3) as well as to decouple units of work from changes in others (Section 7.4). 

Every package (except for some extremely basic ones) imports other packages. Import is analogous to Java s import or C s include. It means that all the definitions and statements in the imported package are usable within the importing package. 

Packages import other packages either to extend them or to make private use of their contents. The import structure is a fundamental part of planning a project. 

This chapter deals primarily with how to use packages in the building of other packages and how to interpret the resulting compositions. It also discusses some nuances of specifying and composing specifications of operations in the presence of exceptions. 

When you join type specifications, you are combining the descriptions themselves and not directly the types (sets of objects) they specify. In the usual case, two type specifications are joined when a package, P1, imports two other packages—P2 and P3—each of which provides separate specifications (Ts1 and Ts2) for the same type, T. Within package P1, the resulting specification of type T is the specification that results from a join ... 

A second complication is that any implementation of the Call action provided by, say, the Billing package isn t likely to satisfy the requirements specified by Fault Management, because neither world understands the concepts of the other. So we cannot always accept an imported implementation even if there is no competing implementation from the other packages. 

Packages usually import other packages, those on which the importers definitions are based. We have looked at the rules whereby imported definitions are combined with new material and with material from other imports. 

A list of provided interfaces These are often imported from other packages, containing only the specs of these interfaces. 

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