Other CWAs

Other chemical compounds are sometimes grouped according to their intended use, such as incapacitating agents and riot control agents. 

Incapacitating agents produce physiologic or mental effects that may persist for several hours or days after an exposure. Such effects make people less effective fighters, but do not seriously endanger their lives, unless subjected to very high doses. 

Compounds that cause vomiting are normally solids that are vaporized and condensed to form aerosols, including diphenylchloroarsine (DA), adamsite (DM), diphenylcyanoarsine (DC). Unless subjected to high-dose exposure, victims will recover in several hours. 

Tear-producing compounds cause copious tears and irritation of the skin, and are widely used for training and riot control. The principal tearing compounds include chloroacetophenone (CN) chloroacetophenone in chloroform (CNC) chlo-roacetophenone, chloropicrin, and chloroform mixture (CNS) chloroacetophenone, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride mixture (CNB) bromobenzylcyaitide (CA) and 0-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). 

The well-known tear gas consists of CS, CSl, and CS2. CSl is comprised of CS mixed with silica aerogels and CS2 is the mixture of CS and silicone treated silica aerogels. CS in its pure form has a pepper-like odor, and produces immediate effects even in low concentrations. Maximum effects are reached in 20 to 60 sec and duration is 5 to 10 min after the individual is removed from the contaminated area. 

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EDS Explosives Development Section, PicArsn, Dover, NJ Gelbkreuz Ger desgn for Mustard Gas and for some other CWA s (see Yellow... 

See also other CWA under Chemical Agents, Vol 2, pCl65-R Refs l)Beil 9, [64l] 2)B.R.Corson R,W. Stoughton, JACS 50, 2828-30 (1928) 3)H.G. Sturz C-R-Noller, JACS 71, 2949 (1949) (Substituted benzylidenemalononitriles)... 

See also other CWA under Chemical Agents, Vol 2, pCl65-R... 

We have chosen four molecules that are either simulants or pre-cursors of CWA s in order to characterize the capabilities of the CP-FTMW spectrometer for the detection of airborne CWA s. The rotational spectrum of each compound serves as a basis for molecular recognition allowing positive identification of the species of interest. The resulting spectrum contains both frequency and intensity iirformation that can be used to discriminate against other CWA or background pollutants. 

Other CWAs and their degradation products have been actively analyzed, reported, and reviewed in the litera-ture, h2,4] described in further detail. 

The ion source creates analyte ions from the neutral species in the vapor phase. Several designs of ion sources have been used for CWA degradation product analysis in recent years including thermospray ionization (TSP), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI). These soft ionization techniques generally produce [M-H] or [M+H]" " fragments for the alkyl phosphonic acids and some other CWA degradation products. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a hard ionization source and has been described in the literature. HPLC-ICP-MS has been reported for the detection of alkyl phosphonic acids.In recent years, ESI has become the most common ion source in HPLC-MS analysis in general with the APCI source a close second. The thermospray source has fallen out of favor in HPLC-MS systems since the introduction of ESI. 

Acoustic analysis detects changes in the properties of acoustic waves as they travel at ultrasonic frequencies in piezoelectric materials. The interaction between the waves and the phase-matter composition facilitates chemical selectivity and, thus, the detection of CWA s. These are commonly known as surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. Reported studies indicate detection limits as low as 0.01 mg m for organophosphorus analytes within a 2 min analysis [1]. There are several commercially available SAW instruments, which can automatically monitor for trace levels of toxic vapors from G-nerve agents and other CWAs, with a high degree of selectivity. A major advantage of SAW detectors is that they can be made small, portable and provide a real-time analysis of unknown samples. One of the drawbacks of these instruments is that sensitivity and a rapid response time are inversely related. In an ideal instrument, both parameters would be obtained without sacrificing one for the other. 

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