Other common problems

Macdonald, Transient Techniques in Electrochemistry, Plenum Press New York, 1977. 

Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley New York, 2001. 

Pletcher, J. Robinson, Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Ellis Horwood Chichester, 1985. 

Abramowitz, I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1970. 

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In the immediate future, many other common problems of pregnancy and the fetus are likely to be reexamined by proteomics and metabolomics, ultimately identifying the best predictive biomarkers for disease and adverse neonatal outcome. As we have begun to see, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), growth restriction in utero, diabetic pregnancy, and placental insufficiency are but a few of the situations in which early proteomic assessment is likely to play a prominent role in the next several years (Figure 8). 

Is the plant suitable or can it be altered to make it so The most likely reason that the answer to this query would be negative is that there is a major corrosion problem, but lack of traced lines, the presence of odours and also regulatory barriers are other common problems. 

If the titration curve changes with time, separate samples should be gathered over a representative period and individually titrated. The samples should not be combined for titration. The pH controller sees individual titration curv es, not a composite. This and the other common problems that reduce the utility of laboratory titration curves are listed in Table 3-2a. 

Other Selection Problems. Additional considerations can arise when fans must handle soHds or gases of low density, or must be operated in parallel or series. A compHcated flow system involving several fans in parallel, all of which are ia series with a common exhaust fan, can lead to surging and vibration unless selected carefully. Maximum tip speed, bearing types, single- and double-inlet fans, and wheel and shaft natural frequency and rigidity must also be considered. 

If two or three of the principal customers are unavailable to a new suppHer, the problem of selling becomes more acute. In fact, if a significant portion of the so-called merchant market is unavailable to a new producer, entry into the field could be disastrous. Special arrangements can arise because of the proximity of suppHer plant to user plant, taw matetial avadabiHty from one firm to the other, common financial ownership to some degree, toU arrangements, etc. 

Ceramics and minerals present many common problems, but ceramics warrant special treatment because elements of low atomic number predominate in them and they consequently offer x-ray emission spectrog-raphy of the light elements an excellent opportunity to prove its usefulness. Scott,8 in making this clear, emphasized the absorption and enhancement effects to be expected, and pointed out the need for careful sample preparation. By use of a General Electric XRD-5 spectrograph and associated equipment, he set up working curves for alumina, silica, potash, lime, phosphate, titania, and iron oxide in clays, refractories, and other ceramic materials. 

Phosphonates exhibit all the properties of polyphosphates, such as threshold effect, crystal distortion, and sequestration, but are superior in their effectiveness. They provide good chelates for calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper and are commonly used where iron fouling is a problem. Their sequestering properties are generally superior to other common chelants, such as EDTA and NTA. 

It is a common problem that one wishes to constrain an object from moving in some direction while allowing it to move in other directions. Many mechanisms have been designed and built that allow quite stiff constraints in one direction while allowing unlimited motion in another. Typically these mecha-... 

When individuals from several disciplines try to address a common problem, how do they communicate with each other and what process do they select for their paradigm If each individual believes that their paradigm is the only one to use and that every one must use that nomenclature and process, major confrontations can arise. If there is a dominate personality that forces everyone on the team to learn the leaders paradigm, language, and process, then a learning period of several years may be required before the team can be effective. An alternative is to create a compromise language acceptable to the team, but this can create a communication barrier between the team and the traditional disciplines. 

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