Orthopedic biomaterials cartilage

Other biomedical applications of polymers include sustained and controlled drug delivery formulations for implantation, transdermal and trans-cornealuses, intrauterine devices, etc. (6, 7). Major developments have been reported recently on the use of biomaterials for skin replacement (8), reconstruction of vocal cords (9), ophthalmic applications such as therapeutic contact lenses, artificial corneas, intraocular lenses, and vitreous implants (10), craniofacial, maxillofacial, and related replacements in reconstructive surgery (I), and neurostimulating and other electrical-stimulating electrodes (I). Orthopedic applications include artificial tendons (II), prostheses, long bone repair, and articular cartilage replacement (I). Finally, dental materials and implants (12,13) are also often considered as biomaterials. 

Nanocomposites in orthopedic tissue engineering mimic the complex nanoarchitecture of natural bone, muscle, cartilage, and tendon tissue, providing a novel and practical approach to tissue regeneration. All ceramic, polymer, and metallic matrix nanocomposites offer a wide range of properties with different chemical and mechanical features they also exhibit indispensable bioactivity. There is a great potential to improve current biomaterials and nanocomposite scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. However, the variety of different chemical elements and structures of nanocomposites make it difficult to predict unknown outcomes of exposure to musculoskeletal tissue. More research is clearly needed to fully understand favorable nanocomposite chemistries for musculoskeletal tissue. 

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