Orion fibers

Data show the concentration, temperature, and time of exposure at which Orion fibers begin to... 

Fig. 5.1 Transmitted optical micrograph of a polyester textile fiber (A) shows cyUndrical fibers containing dense pigment particles. A low magnification optical view (B) shows a fabric woven with Orion fiber containing yarns.

Fig. 5.2 Cross sectional views of representative fibers show the fiber shapes and dense pigment particles. The fibers are (A) round polyamide, (B) irregularly shaped polyacrylonitrile, (C) trilobal shaped Orion, and (D) dogbone shaped Orion fiber sections.

Carbon fibers were used about 100 years ago by Edison for his electric lamps. In 1964, the carbonized polyacrylonitrile (Orion) fibers were first produced with a tensile strength of about 2,000 MN/m and a high modulus of over 400,000 MN/m. Thus, carbon fiber-reinforced resins are very stiff and have found wide application in artificial limbs, golf clubs, tennis rackets, skis, and many aircraft parts. However, the composites are not especially strong in tension. 

Indicate, if known, preferred bag material that will withstand environment, e.g., fibers of glass, polyester, Teflon , Nomex , polypropylene, polyethylene, cotton, wool, nylon, Orion , Dacron , and Dynel . The type of weave of fiber should be recommended by the manufacturer. The fabrics may be felted or woven [47,48] in weaves of plain, satin, or twill, and should be resistant to any corrosive material in the solid particles or the gas stream. 

Acrylic fibers are a major synthetic fiber class developed about the same time as polyesters. Modacrylic fibers are copolymers containing between 35-85% acrylonitrile. Acrylic fibers contain at least 85% acrylonitrile. Orion is an acrylic fiber developed by DuPont in 1949 Dynel is a modacrylic fiber developed by Union Carbide in 1951. 

Acrylonitrile, CH,CHCN, is used in the synthesis of acrylic fibers (polyacrylonitriles), such as Orion. Write the Lewis structure of acrylonitrile and describe the hybrid orbitals on each carbon atom. What are the approximate values of the bond angles ... 

C04-0004. Acrylonitrile is used to make s Tithetic fibers such as Orion. About t.5 billion kg of acrylonitrile are produced each year. Balance the following chemical equation, which shows how acrylonitrile is made from propene, ammonia, and oxygen ... 

Polyacrylonitrile, known commercially as Orion, is made by polymerizing acrylonitrile (see Figure 13-3) Orion is used to make fibers for carpeting and clothing. Draw the Lewis structure of polyacrylonitrile, showing at least three repeat units. 

Although they have an endless variety of properties, polymers can be divided into three general categories, based on their form and resistance to stretching. These are plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Plastics differ in form from fibers whereas plastics exist as blocks or sheets, fibers have been drawn into long threads. Unlike plastics or fibers, elastomers can be stretched without breaking. Polyethylene packaging films and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe are examples of plastics. Orion carpets are made from polymer fibers, and mbber bands are elastomers. Some polymers, such as Nylon, can be formed into both plastics and fibers. 

Finally, a family with a slim tree of near-petrochemicals are the nitiiles, compounds with the signature -CN. The family success in this house is acrylonitrile, a compound used extensively in the manufacture of tires, plastics, and the kind of fibers that go into sweaters (Orion and Acrylon). 

The original route to acrylonitrile was the catalytic reaction of HCN with acetylene. That was a combination of two compounds that together had all the characteristics youd like to avoid—poisonous, explosive, corrosive, and on and on. But during World War II, acrylonitrile became very important as a comonomer for synthetic rubber (nitrile rubber). Later, the growth for acrylonitrile came from synthetic fibers like Orion, Acrylon, and Dynel. 

Uses. Acrylic fibers account for about half the acrylonitrile production. Orion, Acrylon, and Dynel are polymers and copolymers of acrylonitrile. These fibers find extensive usage in apparel and household furnishings as well as in the industrial markets. 

DuPont continued their leadership role in synthetic fibers by commercializing acrylic fibers (Orion) in 1950. They did a repeat performance in 1-953 with a polyester called Dacron. The big four fibers—Nylon 6, Nylon 66, acrylics, and polyester—now account for most of the synthetic production and about half of the fiber production of all kinds, including cotton, silk, and wool. 

Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) (Equation 6.68) forms the basis for a number of fibers and copolymers. As fibers, they are referred to as acrylics or acrylic fibers. The development of acrylic fibers began in the early 1930s in Germany, but they were first commercially produced in the United States by DuPont (Orion) and Monsanto (Acrilan) around 1950. 

Trade (and/or brand) names and abbreviations are often used to describe a particular material or a group of materials. They may be used to identify the product of a manufacturer, processor, or fabricator, and may be associated with a particular product or with a material or modified material, or a material grouping. Trade names are used to describe specific groups of materials that are produced by a specific company or under license of that company. Bakelite is the trade name given for the phenol-formaldehyde condensation developed by Baekeland. A sweater whose material is described as containing Orion contains polyacrylonitrile fibers that are protected under the Orion trademark and produced or licensed to be produced by the holder of the Orion trademark. Carina, Cobex, Dacovin,... 

Certain bacteria are selected based on their ability to attach to specific metals. These bacteria are then grown in a nutrient broth and then placed in contact with a porous synthetic fiber such as Dacron , Orion , or Tyvek fiber. Wastewater is then brought into contact with these bacteria-coated fibers, and specific metals in the wastewater attached to the bacteria on the fibers. The metals are removed from the fibers through washing, burning, contact with sodium carbonate, or by some means. 

Their uses are very extensive, such as aircraft canopies windows, insttument dials, safety glass, contact lenses, lighting fixtures, refrigerator parts, dentures, paints finishes, adhesives etc. The synthetic fibers Orion,... 

Fiber or Fibre is any tough substance composed of threadlike tissue, especially when capable of being spun or woven. Fibers may be divided into animal (wool or silk), vegetable (cotton, hemp, flax, ramie, esparto, jute, sisal etc), mineral (asbestos, glass fiber) and artificial (Rayon, Nylon, Orion, Vinyon, Saran etc)... 

Propene is used as a starting material for numerous other compounds. Chief among these are isopropyl alcohol, acrylonitrile, and propylene oxide. Isopropyl alcohol results from the hydration of propylene during cracking and is the primary chemical derived from propylene. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent, antifreeze, and as rubbing alcohol, but its major use is for the production of acetone. Acrylonitrile is used primarily as a monomer in the production of acrylic fibers. Polymerized acrylonitrile fibers are produced under the trade names such as Orion (DuPont) and Acrilan (Monsanto). Acrylonitrile is also a reactant in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubber, and resins. Acrylonitrile production occurs primarily through ammoxidation of propylene CH3- CH = CH2 + NH3 + 1.5 02—> CH2 = CH - C = N + 3 H20. 

Ethylene is the basis for a large number of chemical reactions leading to styrene, acrylonitrile, Orion, and other synthetic fibers. Large scale production of ethylene for chemical raw material has recently been announced by one major oil company. Part will be made from natural gas ethane. 

Acrylonitrile is made from ethylene oxide by combining it with hydrogen cyanide and dehydrating the resultant cyanohydrin. Acrylonitrile is now used mostly for nitrile rubber. The new synthetic fibers Orion, Dynel, and Chemstrand will be large consumers of acrylonitrile. However, a large part of the expanded output of this derivative may come from the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene. 

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