Orientation terms

Orientation terms of RP directional properties include the following  

Anisotropic Exhibiting different properties when tested along axes in different directions. 

Balanced In a material where they have equal properties in the warp and filled directions also called the machine (warp) and transverse (filled) directions 

Biaxial Also called bi-directional property. Material with their two major axis (horizontal and vertical at 90 to each other) having the highest properties they could be equal as in a balanced material. 

Coordinated Reference coordinate system used to describe the properties in the direction of the principal axes (x and y). 

Anisotropic construction RP properties are different in different directions along the laminate flat plane. 

Bidirectional construction RP with the fibers oriented in various directions in the plane of the laminate usually identifying a cross laminate with the direction 90° apart. 

Heterogeneous construction RP material s composition varies from point to point in a heterogeneous mass. 

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The key to these more efficient treatments is a natural canonical formulation of the rigid body dynamics in terms of rotation matrices. The orientational term of the Lagrangian in these variables can be written simply as... 

The energy transfer efficiency is therefore increased with a larger acceptor extinction coefficient, better spectral overlap between the donor emission and the acceptor absorbance, and higher quantum efficiency of the donor. The orientation term k2 can vary from 0 to 4, and for randomly oriented molecules is 2/3. Random orientation is, in fact, generally assumed when calculating the Ro-... 

We can also consider a time-dependent reaction field (Eqs. (14) and (15)) which includes an orientational term ROI and an instantaneous (optical) term... 

It is urgently necessary that the methods for distinguishing between vibration and orientation terms should be extended to the closer investigation of the dispersion curves of large molecules in the region between A == lo/x and A = loo cm. ... 

IV. The effect of temperature on all the different possible intramolecular motions can only be determined quantitatively to a trifling extent. Hence in what follows we can only select a few important considerations for discussion these chiefly relate to the question whether internal motions are capable of giving rise at high temperatures to a genuine orientation term in the case of molecules which at low temperatures are non-polar. 

The mathematical details of the method are given elsewhere 2 and only the results will be quoted here. These are simplest if the only orientational terms in (2.1) are those with both l and Iz greater than zero. This applies to many types of field including those described in the last section and we shall limit the discussion to such systems. It then follows that the total free energy can be written as the sum of two contributions... 

Flavor-Related Terms Process-Oriented Terms... 

This comprehensive study also tested the relative importance of the various terms in Eq. (18), and its relative performance when compared with modified Karplus equations of the Pachler, Haasnoot, and Colucci el al. types. Based on standard deviations of errors, the ranking of the four most important terms was found to be cos 2ip, cos

important term is the combined electronegativity/electronegativity orientation term, and the fourth most significant one is the bond angle term, the first- and third-ranked terms... 

Table 13. Theoretical estimates and experimental values for the quadrupole moment , the orientational term F/T, and temperature independent collection fc(tu) ("all quantities in atomic units and for T = 273.15 K) for Nj, CjHj, Clj, CO, and CS,...

More recently, Ritchie, Watson and Keir [170] carried out new experiments on the BE of Nj for a variety of different temperatures, thus enabling a proper separation of the temperature-independent contribution from the orientational term. These authors also performed new measurements for Are polarizability anisotropy. Combining all their experimental data, they were able to extract a new experimental value of (-4.97 0.16) x 10 ° Cm for the quadrupole moment of N2. The good agreement with tire previous (with the CCSD result) revised experimental value as well as the corresponding theoretical results (see Table 13) clearly eliminates any remaining doubts concerning the experimental quadrupole moment of N2. 

As before, a situation can be chosen for study so that in the strain-rate equation (12.8), the five terms reduce to two terms—an orientation term d jda and a spatial position term d /dx. Suppose varies with composition and stress as just noted in the previous paragraph then the strain rate of component A gains in principle four contributions, from change of stress with position, stress with orientation, composition with position, and composition with orientation. But the last is disregarded, so that three contributions to strain rate remain. 

Molecular quadrupole moments may be obtained directly by observing the optical birefringence induced in a gas by an electric field-gradient Exx = —Eyy <35—37 The birefringence nx -ny, like the dielectric polarization in Debye s treatment, is comprised of a temperature-independent contribution due to distortion of the molecule and an orientation term proportional to T l 35 ... 

For CTAB (1) and lecithin (2), when dt > i°, it seems that the repulsion between 1 and 2 impedes penetration of 1 and leads to the orientation of 1 parallel to the surface (Figure 4). Therefore, the interaction and orientation terms of Equation 8 have opposite signs. However the orientation term depends on jt° and hence decreases when the concentration of CTAB (1) in solution increases, as shown in Figure 8. 

Section 14.2 is a Wordfmder Index . It is provided to give the reader a ready reference to the way in which words and terminologies are used in this book. Throughout this publication, historical, modern, and application oriented terms of agglomeration can be found (including certain important trade names, refer to Disclaimer at the beginning of the book). In the Wordfmder approach, the location is indicated were a word or term is explained and in the text it is highlighted by bold print. 

The 7hb potentials account for the hydrogen bonding interactions within the WC base pairs. These potentials are built using a combination of Morse potentials (Eq. 16.16), smoothing potentials and orientation terms between the hydrogen bonding sites (see... 

In process-oriented terms, the goal of coal utilization is also to take a new concept from a small (laboratory or bench) scale to the pilot scale, thence to a demonstration scale unit, and finally to... 

Ion Solvation. In aqueous solution, when a bulk water molecule approaches an ion, the situation is not the same as when a water molecule approaches an isolated ion. In the liquid phase, the water molecule in question must replace a molecule already associated with the ion, so that the net result is not a net change in free energy, but simply an exchange of two water molecules. However, even here. Equation (4.15) suggests some finite interaction energy between the ion and individual water molecules in bulk water. The equation contains the orientational term cos 9 which becomes important at small distances of separation. 

Once FP has been successfully conducted with consumers, researchers have attempted to go beyond sensory description in the strict sense. First, it is observed that when consumers participate in descriptive analysis studies, they tend to use some hedoni-cally orientated terms, as well as composite notions that may refer to benefits, which are consequences of consuming the product (e.g. thirst quenching, filling up) (Veinand et ai, 2011). They may also use attributes that are more integrative than those used by experts. The French adjective onctueux (creamy and smooth) would typically fall in this category. Such attributes may be referred to as meta-descriptors (Fr0st and Janhpj, 2007) or second-order sensory attributes. ... 

Here 5a can be identified with the dispersive term and 5 corresponds to the polar orientational term. This approach has been also applied to polymer solutions [41] and complex formation [46]. 

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