Orientation, coherence

Considering that J 2 I 2 and that the ionization rates at R = Rq have little 9 dependence [35], the dominant difference should be due to the electron and nuclear dynamics in the steps 2 and 3. The observed single molecule responses are obtained by superposing the radiation from all the molecules with random orientation coherently. For linearly polarized laser field, whose direction is defined as x axis, the observed dipole moment is given by... 

Theoretical work on CL/DNA complexes has also led to the realization of a variety of novel new phases of matter in DNA— lipid complexes (O Hem and Lubensky, 1998 Golubovic and Golubovic, 1998). In particular, a novel new sliding columnar phase , is predicted, where the positional coherence between DNA molecules in adjacent layers is lost without destroying orientational coherence of the chains from layer to layer. 

Fig. 4. Electron diffraction patterns from polished surfaces of a silver single crystal, (a) As polished by indus-trail methods. Surface consists of randomly oriented coherent fragments, (b) As for Fig.4(a), but given a very light etch. Fragments now show mis orientations of only 8° about the base crystal orientations, (c)...

On the basis of the above consideration the magnetic structure of heavy R-T alloys in the interface region may have sperimagnetic features with random orientation of the local easy axes. For the material to show a macroscopic anisotropy, there must be an orientational coherence to these local anisotropy axes. The interfaces in R/T multilayers may have such desired structure to offer this orientational coherence. In sect. 3, the experimental evidence is presented and in sect. 4 a detailed model, which clearly shows such orientational coherence, is discussed. 

In certain situations involving coherently interacting pairs of transition dipoles, the initial fluorescence anisotropy value is expected to be larger tlian 0.4. As mdicated by the theory described by Wyime and Hochstrasser [, and by Knox and Gtilen [, ], the initial anisotropy expected for a pair of coupled dipoles oriented 90° apart, as an example. 

From these relations it follows that is related to the angular momentum modulus, and that the pairs of angle a, P and y, 8 are the azimuthal, and the polar angle of the (J ) and the (L ) vector, respectively. The angle is associated with the relative orientation of the body-fixed and space-fixed coordinate frames. The probability to find the particular rotational state IMK) in the coherent state is... 

Single-quantum coherence is the type of magnedzadon that induces a voltage in a receiver coil (i.e., Rf signal) when oriented in the xy-plane. This signal is observable, since it can be amplified and Fourier-transformed into a frequency-domain signal. Zero- or multiple-quantum coherences do not obey the normal selection rules and do not... 

If the electrolysis parameters (precursor concentrations, pH, temperature, cur-rent/potential, substrate) be defined in a precise manner, a self-regulated growth of the compound can be established, and highly (111 )-oriented zinc blende (ZB) deposits up to several p,m thickness are obtained at potentials lying at the anodic limit of the diffusion range (Fig. 3.3) [60]. Currently, the typical method of cathodic electrodeposition has been developed to yield quite compact and coherent, polycrystalline, ZB n-CdSe films of well-defined stoichiometry. The intensity of the preferred ZB(f 11) orientation obtained with as-deposited CdSe/Ni samples has been quite high [61]. 

Golan Y, Alperson B, Hutchison JL, Hodes G, Rubinstein I (1997) Electrodeposited quantum dots Coherent nanocrystalhne CdSe on oriented polycrystalline Au films. Adv Mater 9 ... 

Of special interest in liquid dispersions are the surface-active agents that tend to accumulate at air/ liquid, liquid/liquid, and/or solid/liquid interfaces. Surfactants can arrange themselves to form a coherent film surrounding the dispersed droplets (in emulsions) or suspended particles (in suspensions). This process is an oriented physical adsorption. Adsorption at the interface tends to increase with increasing thermodynamic activity of the surfactant in solution until a complete monolayer is formed at the interface or until the active sites are saturated with surfactant molecules. Also, a multilayer of adsorbed surfactant molecules may occur, resulting in more complex adsorption isotherms. 

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