Organotin compound, solid

A large number of compounds exist between the branches of organic and inorganic chemistry that involve metals and metalloids bonding with organic compounds, including organometallics, soaps, and alkoxides. 

Organometallic compounds are compounds in which a metal is attached directly to a carbon atom in an organic molecule. The metal can be thought of as a substitute for a hydrogen atom. Almost all metals form organometallic compounds, thus their number renders it impossible to generalize about their properties and hazardous characteristics. They are used extensively as catalysts and as chemical reagents. Examples include  

Certain metalloids, like phosphorus and arsenic, when compounded with organic groups, are classed as organometallics. Organophosphorus compounds include four organic groups  

Organic compounds of arsenic syn. organoarsenic compounds are all toxic. They include phenyldichloroarsine, a tear gas and solvent. 

Metal alkyl and aryl oxyhydrides are similar to alkoxides in that they involve a metal hydride attached to the oxygen from an alkyl or aryl alcohol. Examples include the aluminium metal hydride sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminohydride and lithium aluminium-tri-tert-butoxyhydride. They are dangerous fire risks in contact with water and can decompose to evolve hydrogen gas. 

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In more recent years two new types of antifouling composition have been developed, using organometallic compounds as poisons. In one type, based chiefly on vinyl resin and organotin compounds (e.g. tributyltin fluoride), the poison and resin form a solid solution. As the poison dissolves from the surface of the film, more poison diffuses from deeper in the film to... 

A recent method [ 114] for the speciation of organotin compounds in seawater combines solid-phase extraction, online HG, and GC with MIAE. This method enjoys a 0.5 pg detection limit for tin. 

To determine organotin compounds in amounts down to 1 - 5 ng/1, McAvoy et al. [ 129] ethylated the seawater, isolated organotin solid-phase micro extraction and determined it by micro capillary GCMS. 

Conversion of the organotin chlorides into fluorides, bromides, or iodides is usually carried out with the sodium halide in acetone, and residual organotin compounds are often removed as the insoluble organotin fluorides. The fluorides can then be converted back into the bromides, chlorides, or iodides (and exchanges by other halides can be brought about with aqueous ammonium halides at room temperature).332 A 2 1 mixture (solid solution) of CsF and CsOH, mixed with silica gel, also provides a very convenient way of removing organotin halide byproducts from solution.333... 

A number of radical ions of organotin compounds have also been detected in solution by ESR spectroscopy.2 Most of these relate to compounds where the tin carries bulky organic groups that have been introduced to stabilize lower valence states, though there has been a good deal of previous work on the generation of radical ions of simpler organotin compounds in solid matrices. 

Organic pollutants present in aqueous-solid phase environments and discussed in the present chapter include petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, phthalates, phenols, PCBs, chlorocarbons, organotin compounds, and surfactants. In order to study the chemodynamic behavior of these pollutants, it is important that (1) suitable pre-extraction and preservation treatments are implemented for the environmental samples, and (2) specific extraction and/or cleanup techniques for each organic pollutant are carried out prior to the identification and characterization steps. 

Ebdon, L., Hill, S.J. and Rivas, C. (1998). Organotin compounds in solid waste a review of their properties and determination using high-performance liquid chromatography, Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 5, 278-288. 

In 1976, Lappert and co-workers " reported the first stable dialkylstan-nylene (154, Scheme 14.71) in solution. They found that 154 exists as a monomer in the gas phase and as a dimer 153 in the solid state, whereas it exists as a monomer-dimer equilibrium mixture in solution. Extensive studies on the reactions of 154 were carried out, especially on oxidative addition and insertion reactions leading to a variety of new organotin compounds such as 165 and 166 (Scheme... 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran, G. Lespes, E. Krupp, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, Optimisation of the hyphenation between solid-phase microextraction, capillary gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the routine speciation of organotin compounds in the environment, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(12), 2001, 1429-1433. 

ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS. A family of alky l tin compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics, especially rigid vinyl polymers used as piping, construction aids, and cellular structures. Some have catalytic properties. They include bntyl tim trichloride, clibntyltin oxide, etc., and various methyldn compounds. They are both liquids and solids. 

Example 4 speciation analysis of organotin compounds in solid samples... 

This example illustrates a range of problems that are symptomatic in quantitation and standardisation which appear in speciation analysis and in determination of organic compounds in solids. Organotin compounds (e.g. methyltin, butyltin, phenyltin) comprise one of the most thoroughly studied groups of organometallic compounds found in environmental samples. 

Further developments in the field of insoluble polymer-supported organotin compounds will be accompanied by the expansion of solid state tin NMR data and the development of new NMR techniques. In Table 8, some representative examples of 117Sn and 119Sn NMR chemical shifts of polymer-supported organotin compounds are given. 

Aik X = Cl, Br, I) were described. This series can be supplemented with the Me2SnO Me2Sn(OH)I adduct. Such complexes often appeared as by-products when the syntheses of organotin compounds having a Sn—X or Sn—O bond were carried out. It is noteworthy that many solid organotin compounds having the stannoxane bond were found to be coordinated polymers rather than monomers, as hitherto considered, because their molecules were bonded by donor-acceptor (bridge) Sn—O Sn bonds. ... 

The five-coordinate complexes of type 421 possess a rigid structure, which is retained in solution as indicated by comparing the Sn NMR in solution and in the solid state . For 421a-c, isotope-induced chemical shifts A ( C( Sn) were determined for the first time for five-coordinate tin nuclei at natural abundance of A positive sign of 1 Ai2/i3c(ii Sn) was found, in contrast with most tetracoordinate organotin compounds. 

To a stirred suspension of CSSO4F (1 equiv) in MeCN (5 mL), a solution of the organotin compound (1.5 equiv) in MeCN (5 mL) was added at 0 C. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt with stirring over 15 h. Solid products were removed by filtration before the usual workup. 

Organotin compounds, as well as being open to study by general spectroscopic techniques, e.g. UV, IR, and H and NMR spectroscopies as well as mass spectrometry, can also be investigated using such specific techniques as " Sn (or " Sn) NMR and " Sn Mdssbauer spectroscopies. The increasing availability of solid-state NMR spectroscopy provides further means of exploring stractures. 

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