Organotin compound, liquid

Inoue Y, Kawabata K (1993) Speciation of organotin compounds by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography. Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, 41 (4) 245-251. 

Brinckmann [570] used a gas chromographic method with or without hydride derivatisation for determining volatile organotin compounds (e.g., tetram-ethyltin) in seawater. For nonvolatile organotin compounds a direct liquid... 

Yang et al. [83] accomplished speciation of organotin compounds using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The separation was complete in 6min and detection limits were in the range 2.8-16pg of tin for various species. 

Ebdon, L., Hill, S.J. and Rivas, C. (1998). Organotin compounds in solid waste a review of their properties and determination using high-performance liquid chromatography, Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 5, 278-288. 

ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS. A family of alky l tin compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics, especially rigid vinyl polymers used as piping, construction aids, and cellular structures. Some have catalytic properties. They include bntyl tim trichloride, clibntyltin oxide, etc., and various methyldn compounds. They are both liquids and solids. 

Inoue, Y., Kawabata, K. and Suzuki, Y. (1995) Speciation of organotin compounds using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with micellar liquid-chromatography. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, 363-266. 

Rivas, C., Ebdon, L. and Hill, S.J. (1996) Effect of different spray chambers on the determination of organotin compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, 1147-1150. 

Rivaro, P., Zaratin, L., Frache, R. and Mazzucotelli, A. (1995) Determination of organotin compounds in marine mussel samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst, 120, 1937-1939. 

Ndungu, K. and L. Mathiasson. 2000. Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction technique combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of organotin compounds. Anal. Chim. Acta 404 319-328. 

Gonzalez-Toledo, E., R. Compano, M. Granados, et al. 2003. Detection techniques in speciation analysis of organotin compounds by liquid chromatography. Trends Anal. Chem. 22 26-33. 

Rosenberg, E., V. Kmetov, and M. Grasserbauer. 2000. Investigating the potential of high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry as an alternative method for the speciation analysis of organotin compounds. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366 400-407. 

White, S., T. Catterick, B. Fairman, et al. 1998. Speciation of organotin compounds using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as complementary techniques. J. Chromatogr. A 794 211-218. 

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with hydride generation-direct current plasma emission spectrometry has been used for trace analysis and speciation studies of methylated organotin compounds in water [263],... 

Walton et al. [269] separated organomanganese and organotin compounds by high performance liquid chromatography using laser excited atomic fluorescence in a flame as a high sensitivity detector. 

Pure tin was also used for the direct synthesis of organotin compounds. In 1948, unlike previous investigations, Harada obtained sodium stannite Na2Sn not by the metal fusion, but by the reaction of tin with sodium in liquid ammonia628. The reaction of Na2Sn with EtBr led to (Et2Sn)n. 

Cukrowska E, Chimuka L, Nsengimana H, and Kwaramba V. Application of supported liquid membrane probe for extraction and preconcentration of organotin compounds from environmental water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004 523 141-147. 

In the sections that follow, the basic theory of these techniques will be discussed only insofar as it is specially relevant to organotin compounds. It must always be borne in mind that the structures of organotin compounds which carry functional groups may be dependent on the physical state (gaseous, solid, or liquid), and, when the compounds are in solution, on the nature of the solvent and on the concentration. For example, the Sn-Cl stretching frequency in the far IR spectra of trimethyltin chloride in solution can be correlated with the donor number of the solvent. Caution must therefore always be exercised in attempting to quote typical values for properties such as vibrational frequences or NMR chemical shifts. 

Rather limited use has been made of mass spectrometry in the study of organotin compounds,23-24 though MS linked to gas-liquid chromatography is now being used for the identification of organotin compounds, particularly in environmental studies. Most of the early work involved electron ionisation (El), but in recent years, other techniques such as chemical ionisation (Cl),25 fast atom bombardment (FAB),26, 27 field desorption,28 surface ionisation,29 and, particularly, electrospray (ES),30 31 have been used. 

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