Organophosphorus compounds chemical properties

Although these organic phosphate derivatives are highly toxic and have been used in ways to exploit that property, many organophosphorus compounds have significant utility in the chemical industry. 

Recent advances in carbonylphosphonate chemistry are reported by C. E. McKenna et al. with emphasis on the synthesis, chemical properties and synthetic utility of this versatile class of organophosphorus compounds. 

Table 4. Physico-chemical properties of nerve agents. Adapted and reproduced from Chapter 34, Organophosphorus compounds as chemical warfare agents , by Maynard RL and Beswick F, in Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates (B Ballantyne and TC Marrs, eds), 1992,... 

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are utilized on a large scale as flame retarding agents and plasticizers in a variety of products, such as plastic materials, rubbers, varnishes, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and other industrial applications. This family of chemicals consists of alkylated and arylated phosphate or phosphonate esters and related compounds such as phosphites, phosphines, and related dimeric forms as well as ionic forms (Figure 31.2). " The low volatility of phosphoric acid and derivatives makes it the preferred choice of the phosphorus based FRs. These FRs are most effective in polymers that char readily. Also halogenated phosphate esters, such as tris(l-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), are widely used. These combine the properties of both the halogen and the phosphorus compounds. 

Data from physico-chemical properties of the tested organophosphorus compounds are summarized in TABLE 3. Correlations between descriptors used within the same QSAR equation, are given in TABLE 4. As shown by the low values for r, neither of the descriptors are intercorrelated. 

Primary phosphines (R-PHj) are an important ciass of compounds in organophosphorus chemistry. Aithough discovered over a century ago, their chemistry and appiications have gained prominence in recent years. This review discusses recent deveiopments on synthesis, moiecuiar structure, properties, and appiications of primary phosphines. In particular, discussions on synthesis and properties emphasize recent results from our laboratory on the chemical architecture of amide, thioether, and carboxylate functionalized primary bisphos-phines. The utility of bromo- and aminopropyl phosphines (X(CH2)3PH2 X=Br or NH2) as building blocks to produce designer primary phosphines that display exceptional oxidative stability is described. The review also discusses the utility of carboxylate functionalized primary phosphines for incorporation on to peptides and their potential applications in catalysis and biomedicine. 

The organophosphorus insecticides are all structurally related and undergo similar reactions. The chemical classification of the most widely used compounds of this type is given in Table V. These compounds can also be differentiated on the basis of whether they are largely effective per se or undergo oxidative conversions in plants or animals. All are inhibitors of the enzyme, cholinesterase. Their potency depends not only upon their intrinsic enzyme affinity but also on anticholinesterase properties acquired through in vivo metabolism. 

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