Organizational levels action

Some of the best evidence of links between effects at different organizational levels comes from studies with OPs, where levels of AChE inhibition have been compared with associated neurophysiological and behavioral effects. In adopting this approach, however, the picture is complicated by mounting evidence for these compounds acting on target sites other than AChE, as discussed in Section 16.3. Thus, behavioral disturbances caused by an OP may be the outcome of interaction with both AChE and one or more other sites of action. The following account, however, will be concerned with situations where effects of OPs are closely related to levels of AChE inhibition. More complex scenarios will be discussed in the next section. 

The results of the experiments suggest that in the hypothalamic thermostat of the rat, cholinergic synapses are involved at a high organizational level in all actions aimed at lowering the body temperature. 

The causal sequence indicates that final failure committed by the operator is the effect of series of inadequate actions that begins at the organizational level, which the operator can not be blamed for. At each level should be specified vulnerabilities that are important in terms of providing safely of the process, personnel and environment. In probabilistic modeling of accident scenarios it is essential to identify possible dependencies between specified layers and their quantification in order to apply proper technical and organizational solutions. 

More generally, the lack of Risk Awareness and Support in these cases emphasizes the importance of paying attention to links between organizational level features and operational/individual level action/performance. The CSFs as operationalized and examined here appear promising as a way to systematically look into d3mamics of this character. 

The motivation to engage in collective action involves, centrally, the structure of the gains and losses associated with it for the individual. It also depends on the absolute level of welfare of the agents, to the extent that this influences their beliefs and motives, as well as their organizational ability. Relative welfare levels may also prove relevant, in two ways. First, the change of welfare over time might provide the impetus to revolt secondly, one s status relative to that of others could act as a spur. 

The first step in a hazard survey program is to formalize the lines of communication. A primary purpose of this communication network is to get critical hazard information to decision makers as quickly as possible so that action can be taken to avert an exposure or accident. Traditional communication routes in most companies do not allow for quick communication between workers and decision makers, and thus serious hazards may not be corrected before an exposure or accident occurs. Each company has an established organizational structure that can be used to set up a formalized communication network. For instance, most companies are broken into departments or work units. These can serve as the primary segments within which workers report hazards. These hazards can be dealt with at the departmental level or communicated to higher-level decision makers for action. 

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