Organic transfer hydrogenation

The concept of performing microwave synthesis in room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) as reaction media has been applied to several different organic transformations (Scheme 4.18), such as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions [54], catalytic transfer hydrogenations [55], ring-closing metathesis [56], the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides [57, 58], and several others [59-61],... 

Catalytic transfer hydrogenations for the reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds are illustrated in Scheme 4.18. Reductions of azide functionalities to amines with lipases suspended in organic media under microwave conditions have also been reported [206]. 

Palmer and Wills in 1999 reviewed other ruthenium catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines [101]. Gladiali and Mestro-ni reviewed the use of such catalysts in organic synthesis up to 1998 [102]. Review articles that include the use of ruthenium asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts cover the literature from 1981 to 1994 [103, 104], the major contributions... 

S. Gladiali, G. Mestroni, Transfer hydrogenations. In M. Beller, C. Bolm (Eds.), Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto, 1998, Chapter 3, p. 97. 

The push toward enaotiomerically-pure carbocyclic intermediates has led to the development of new methods for the enantiodifferentiation of inexpensive prochiral cyclic starting materials. For instance, Robert H. Morris of the University of Toronto recently reported (Organic Lett. 2005, 7, 1757) that a family of enantiomerically-pure Ru complexes originally developed for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation also mediate the enantioselective addition of malonatc to cyclohexenone. 

R.A.W. Johnstone, A.H. Wilby and I.D. Entwistle, Heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation and its relation to other methods for reduction of organic compounds, Chem. Rev., 85 (1985) 129-170. 

Abramovitch, R.A., Abramovitch, D.A., Iyanar, K. and Tamareselvy, K., Transfer hydrogenation, atom economy activation, palladium, chemistry Application of microwave-energy to organic-synthesis - improved technology Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 5251-5254. 

The discovery of the TCA cycle began with a series i of biochemical experiments performed in the early 1900s on anaerobic suspensions of minced animal tissues. The experiments established that the suspensions contained enzymes that could transfer hydrogen atoms from various low-molecular-weight organic acids to other reducible compounds, such as the dye, methylene blue (methylene blue was a convenient indicator in these experiments because it is converted from a blue to a colorless form by... 

Gladiali S, Mestroni G (1998) Transfer hydrogenation. In Beller M, Bolm C (eds) Transition metals for organic synthesis, vol 2. Wiley VCH, Weinheim, p 97... 

Transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a transition-metal complex or a main group-metal alkoxide is a useful method to produce secondary alcohols. Pure organic compounds such as 2-propanol [2,281,282] and formic acid [283] are preferably used as hydrogen donors in place of hydrogen gas. This method is convenient for a small- or medium-scale reduction... 

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