Organic pigments phthalocyanines

A similar type of application was developed by Szynkowska et al., who investigated the potential of LA-ICP-TOF-MS for the analysis of different toners from different brands, with the aim of tracing illegal activities that make use of photocopy machines and printers [97]. Their conclusion was that black toners can be differentiated based on multi-elemental information. However, for prints containing cyan toner, Cu isotopic analysis is recommended, because cyan toner is typically produced using an organic pigment (Phthalocyanine Blue BN), which is a complex of Cu and phthalocyanine. 

Copper phthalocyanine 67 is an important example of a group of blue to green organic pigments. Phthalocyanines may be made water soluble by sulfonation, and the soluble phthalocyanine sulfates are important as direct dyes in the dyestuffs industry. 

Materials. Beside inorganic materials (eg, barium chloride/fluoride crystals, doped with 0.05% samarium), transparent thermoplasts are preferred for the PHB technique, eg, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMAIA), polycarbonate, and polybutyral doped with small amounts of suitable organic dyes, organic pigments like phthalocyanines, 9-arninoacridine, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone [81-64-1] (quinizarin) (1), and 2,3-dihydroporphyrin (chlorin) (2). 

Phthalocyanine pigments account for approximately 23% of the total worldwide organic pigment consumption of 225,000 tons. Approximately 20,000 t are used in printing inks, 10,000 t in paints, 9,000 t in plastics, 3,000 t in textiles, 7,000 t in dyes, and 2,000 t in specialty uses. Table 1 shows the worldwide distribution of cmde phthalocyanine capacity. The production history of phthalocyanine in the United States from 1980 to 1990 is given in Table 2 (161). The 1990 prices of phthalocyanine blue and green pigments were ca 11—22/kg and 21—27/kg, respectively. 

The chemical nature of most organic pigments is closely similar to that of the synthetic dyes that have been discovered during the past 150 years. In fact, with the exception of the phthalocyanines, almost every chemical class of pigments has been developed first for dyestuff use. There are some signs that this may not continue to be the case, with the development of some new organic pigments for specialised uses. 

A number of phenols have proven to be valuable adsorbates for surface area determinations in organic pigments [10]. Phthalocyanines in particular have been evaluated successfully by phenol adsorption [11],... 

It has often been observed that the coloristic properties of an organic pigment are a function not only of the size of particles but also of their shape. This is due to the anisotropy of the optical properties in different crystallographic directions within the crystal forms of a pigment. In 1974 [5, 6], it was demonstrated that of the equally sized but differently shaped particles of beta copper phthalocyanine blue, the almost completely cubic, i.e., more or less isometric form produces greenish blue shades, while acicular forms are responsible for reddish blue hues. The optical behavior of ordered pigment particles in systems has been reported in the literature [7, 8]. 

At present, Phthalocyanine Blue and Phthalocyanine Green are among the most important organic pigments in the market and are sold in large volume. 

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