Organic environmental stability

NoV are readily transferred from hands to fomites and vice versa (Bidawid et al., 2004 D Souza et al., 2006). The pronoimced environmental stability of NoV particles also contributes to the spread of outbreaks from point sources of surface contamination. All stability studies have made use of surrogate organisms to model NoV response to conditions, since the human virus is not easily grown in cell culture (Duizer et al., 2004b Straub et al., 2007). The murine norovirus (MNV) and the feline calicivirus (FCV) have both been used, with the mouse virus providing more... 

This chapter will first review the electronic states responsible for high conductivity in organic polymers (11) to provide insight into the design of stable organic conductors. Next, the efforts to impart environmental stability to the polymers will be described. Finally, the principal efforts toward the preparation of tractable conducting polymers will be discussed. 

Summarizing, both organic and inorganic semiconductors suitable for mass-printed electronics are in development. Several materials with excellent physical properties have already been synthesized and applied in printed electronic devices, but nevertheless semiconductor design and synthesis remain important research topics. There is still room for improvement of not only material performance and environmental stability (organics) or processability (inorganies) also costs of semiconductors and processing thereof still ean be further optimized. 

Earlier environmental investigations dealing with anthropogenic organic contaminants in riverine and groundwater systems focused mainly on the so-called priority pollutants (see also Keith and Telliard 1979). These compounds are characterised by elevated geo- and bioaccumulation rates as the result of a high environmental stability and lipophilicity. These physico-chemical properties led to a widespread, frequently ubiquitous distribution in the natural compartments. Additionally, they represent also... 

The main focus of this study was to identify organic substances in Havel and Spree river sediments that could trace anthropogenic emissions of specific sources within the system. Therefore, selected contaminants with respect to their source specificity and to their environmental stability are discussed in order to characterize new potential anthropogenic marker compounds. 

Environmental stability. Perhaps one of the biggest concerns with organic materials to date relates to their poor environmental stability. Most organic semiconductor materials are prone to degradation on exposure to oxygen and/or moisture. This will necessitate the development of robust encapsulation processes. This should be possible, however, since, unhke in OLEDs, optical transparency is not required for RFID tags, which dramatically opens up the range of candidate encapsulation materials. 

In recent years, metal-free stabilizer systems have been developed because of environmental concerns of traditional lead and tin stabilizers. Chemically regarded nitrogen-based molecules are used, for example, P-aminocrotonates, dihydropyrimidines [15], trialkanolamines, as well as their reaction products and salts, for example, the perchlorate salt [16], etc. (Fig. 11.11). Owing to their good compatibility with other stabilizers, organic-based stabilizers are predestinated to be used in PVC recycling in case restabilization is needed [17]. 

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