Organic compounds nitriles

A narrow wire (a) heated in the vapor of an organic compound such as benzonitrile causes decomposition of the nitrile and the formation of whiskery growths on the surface of the wire (b). The sizes of the growths are exaggerated for purposes of illustration and are, in fact, very small in relation to the diameter of the wire. 

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

Given a nitrogen-containing organic compound such as an fflnide, a nitrile, or a nitro compound, how is the conect oxidation state of the desired amine to be achieved ... 

Experiments on absorption and permeation of flavorants have been carried out in high nitrile barrier containers with a number of organic compounds which represent a variety of chemical functionalities. Table... 

For successful DKR two reactions an in situ racemization (krac) and kinetic resolution [k(R) k(S)] must be carefully chosen. The detailed description of all parameters can be found in the literature [26], but in all cases, the racemization reaction must be much faster than the kinetic resolution. It is also important to note that both reactions must proceed under identical conditions. This methodology is highly attractive because the enantiomeric excess of the product is often higher than in the original kinetic resolution. Moreover, the work-up of the reaction is simpler since in an ideal case only the desired enantiomeric product is present in the reaction mixture. This concept is used for preparation of many important classes of organic compounds like natural and nonnatural a-amino acids, a-substituted nitriles and esters, cyanohydrins, 5-alkyl hydantoins, and thiazoUn-5-ones. 

Teter et al. filed a series of patents aimed at the production of organic compounds containing nitrogerf or the production of nitriles and amines from ammonia and olefins by passing mixtures of olefin and NH3 over transition metals, mainly cobalt deposited on various supports at 250-370°C and 100-200 bar [27- 3]. With cobalt on asbestos, a mixture of amine, nitrile, olefin hydrogenation product, polymers, and cracking products is obtained (Eq. 4.1) [31]. 

A variety of commercial kits and automated systems are available to test the abilities of bacteria to assimilate, ferment, decarboxylate, or cleave selected organic compounds.46 Their reliability for species identification is usually greater with cultures from clinical samples, where a limited number of bacteria are commonly encountered, and less with environmental soil and water samples, where a great many uncommon or previously unidentified species not in the database are likely to be present.29,45 Additional tests beyond those found in the commercial kits may be necessary for example, the hydrolysis of various nitriles and amides is useful for identifying Rhodococcus spp.47 Some commercial kits for clinical use feature antimicrobial susceptibility testing.21... 

On the basis of published data for enthalpies of formation, sublimation, and vaporization, the dissociation enthalpies of terminal N—O bonds, DH°(N—O), in various organic compounds including nitrile oxides, were calculated and critically evaluated (18). The derived DH°(N—O) values can be used to estimate enthalpies of formation of other molecules, in particular nitrile oxides. N—O Bond energy in alkyl nitrile oxides was evaluated using known and new data concerning kinetics of recyclization of dimethylfurazan and dimethylfuroxan (19). 

Nitrile. An organic compound containing the -CN group. Examples are acrylonitrile (CH2CHCN) and acetonitrile (CH2CN), which have a triple bond between the carbon and nitrogen. 

Some organic nitrogen-containing compounds (nitriles, ni-troalkyls, amides, etc.) are the rare exceptions to this rule. For example, for acetonitrile, c = 36 and rj = 0.3 cP at room temperature. Elowever, the poor electrochemical stability of these compounds prevented them from being used in batteries. 

You will have noticed that the nitrile formed in this reaction contains one more carbon atom than the original monohaloalkane. This makes the reaction very useful in synthetic organic chemistry because it is a way to increase the chain length of an organic compound. 

As particular types of vibration always occur at a similar wavenumber, it is possible to build up a table of characteristic absorptions. Such a table is given on p. 14 of the SQA Data Booklet. If you examine this table, you will see, for example, that an absorption in the wavenumber range 2260-2215 cm is indicative of a nitrile group and is due to stretching of the C=N bond. So, given the infrared spectrum of an unknown organic compound and a table of characteristic absorptions, it should be possible to identify the functional groups present in the compound. In most cases, however, more information is required to determine the full structure. 

Cyanoethylation of acrylonitrile with monohydric alcohols gives alkoxypropio-nitriles (Scheme 25). These nitriles can be converted into various types of carboxylic acids by hydrolysis, and they can be hydrogenated to give amines. Therefore, cyanoethylation of alcohols is an important reaction for the synthesis of drug intermediates and organic compounds of industrial interest. 

Nitriles are organic compounds that contain a triple bond between a carbon and a nitrogen atom. The functional group in nitriles is the cyano (—C=N)... 

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