Unexploded ordnance disposal

War Department Field Manual EM 9-40, Ordnance Unexploded Bombs Organization and Operation for Disposal (1943) states for lead azide, Sensitivity. .. varies with crystal size. .. Large crystals detonate spontaneously. Sensitivity concerns over crystal size is compatible with the manufacturing process for lead azide in which dextrin or pol)rvinyl alcohol is added to inhibit crystal growth during the precipitation stage. 

Explosive Ordnance Disposal The detection, identification, field evaluations, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded ordnance or munitions chemical agents. 

Anon, "Ordnance Service in the Field , FM 9-1(1959) 6)Anon, "Ordnance Ammunition Service , FM 9 5(1959) 7)A.B.Hartley, "Unexploded Bomb, A History of Bomb Disposal , Norton Co,NY(1959)(A detailed description of bomb disposal conducted in GtBritian during and after WWII) 8)Office, Chief of Ordnance , Program for Neutralization and Disposal of Explosive Material , Technical Information Report G,TIR G, Washington,DC(1960(Conf)(Not used as a source of info)... 

Thomas Stock, Chemical and Biological Weapons Developments and Proliferation , SIPRI Yearbook 1993 World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 259-292 Robert Noyes, Chemical Weapons Destruction and Explosive Waste/Unexploded Ordnance Remediation (Westwood, NJ Noyes Publication, 1996) National Research Council, Alternatives to Commercial Incineration of CAIS , in Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Material Disposal Program Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1999), pp. 75-94. 

Environmental Restoration at a Munitions Production Site The problem is similar to that of contaminated media. It is unknown whether there may also be previously acceptable or unintentional disposal of unexploded ordnance at manufacturing sites as described in this book. 

Forester Electromagnetic Detector A test conducted at the Comhusker Army Ammunition Plant (CAAP) required unexploded ordnance (UXO) support in order to investigate the subsurface in areas where ordnance disposal activities may have occurred. An UXO geophysical team used the Forester Electromagnetic Detector (MK 26 Ordnance Locator), Eagle 2, White 6000 for both surface sweeps and subsurface surveys. 

UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE DEVICES DETECTION, RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL... 

A significant amount of unexploded ordnance lies in the waters surrounding the UK as well as other parts of the world. The ordnance has either been deliberately dumped in specific locations, when sea dumping was a recognised and accepted means of disposal, or as a direct result of military/wartime activity. Another potential source of explosives arises from possible charges which have been left unexploded in rock from quarrying or underwater rock removal sites. The end result is that unexploded ordnance presents a risk to certain maritime activities. 

EOD is the task of detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded ordnance (UXO). EOD is normally an inherently hazardous task, but it is made even more so when the UXO has become more hazardous due to dropping, firing, launching, or deterioration. 

The Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC) of 1990 provided much of the fuel for this fire. But just when the dnst settled over which bases wonld be closed and what would happen to the land, the realization of what the military did with these bases hits. Ranges with unexploded ordnance (UXO) dot the landscape. Disposal—often by burial or underwater dumping—of obsolete or unserviceable ammunition occurred frequently. 

Haber, R., Hedtmann, J., 1996. Unexploded ordnance devices detection, recovery and disposal. In Kaffka, A.V. (Ed.), Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons Aspects, Problems and Solutions. Klnwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 73-86. 

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