Oral vaccination peptides

Of particular interest for the oral administration of macromolecules, be they peptides or nucleic acids, is the potential of oral vaccines that could revolutionise the health care of millions of people, particularly in developing countries. 

We examined HPMA copolymer-peptide conjugates as potential oral vaccines (138). A human rhinovirus peptide VP2 (VKAETRLNPDLQPTETSQDVANAIVC) was covalently linked to an HPMA-Gly-Gly-ONp polymeric precursor. Conjugation improved peptide stability during incubation with brush border membrane and luminal peptidases transport but studies on GI transport and oral immunization failed to show conjugate advantage. 

Morgan SM, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Woodley JF, Duncan R. Evaluation of W-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-peptide conjugates as potential oral vaccines. Studies on their degradation by isolated rat small intestinal peptidases and their uptake by adult rat small intestine in vitro. Int J Pharm 1966 128 99-111. 

Calcitonin gene-related peptide sustained release dmg Oral vaccine for type B hepatitis using microsphere... 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

One of the ideal situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner at the appropriate concentration. Controlled-released, biodegradable nanoparticles that can be loaded with the appropriate drug products have been developed to treat conditions such as cancer, arthritis, and osteoporosis. In view of their low toxicity and their protein-binding properties, the nanoparticles may be useful in the oral administration of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides, especially for vaccination. 

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