Oral mucosae lining

There has also been a report regarding the active transport of antibacterial agents in oral mucosa. In a cell line derived from oral epithelium, the uptake of ciprofloxacin and minocycline was not only saturable and inhibited in the presence of other compounds, but the intracellular levels of both antibiotics were 8 10-fold higher than the extracellular levels as well, demonstrating an active transport process [18]. Whether the permeability of these compounds across the entire oral mucosa occurs via an active transport process, however, remains to be determined. 

The cheeks, lips, hard and soft palates and tongue form the oral cavity. The main difference between the oral mucosa and skin as compared to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lining lies in the organization of the different epithelia. While the latter has a single layer of cells forming the simple epithelium, the skin and the oral cavity have several layers of cells with various degrees of differentiation. 

Drug delivery through the oral mucosa can be achieved via different pathways sublingual (floor of the mouth), buccal (lining of the cheeks), and gingival (gums). The sublingual... 

The oral mucosa provides a protective covering for underlying tissues while acting as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms and toxins. Histologically, the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral cavity exhibits a diverse structure as well as important inter-species differences. This... 

Oral mucosae are composed of multiple layers of cells, which show various patterns of differentiation dependent on the functions of different regions in the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is covered by a stratified, squamous epithelium, and three different types of mucosa can be distinguished the masticatory, the lining, and the specialized mucosa. Blood supply to the oral cavity tissues is delivered via the external carotid artery, which branches to the maxiliary lingual and facial artery. There are no mucus-secreting goblet cells in the oral mucosa, but mucins are found in human saliva. These mucins are water-soluble and form a gel of 10-200 pm thickness. Saliva, mainly composed of water (99%), is continuously secreted in the oral cavity and exists as a film with a thickness of 0.07-0.1 mm. ... 

Reutilization of Nuclear Components. The question whether the constituents of nucleic acids may be salvaged and used again is not a simple one, and some lines of evidence do point to this possibility. Direct evidence in oral mucosa and epidermis of the rat for DNA reutilization has been presented by Outright and Bauer (CIS). This is in direct contrast to the study of Baden quoted above. In addition, studies utilizing radioactive iron injected intradermally in humans indicated reutilization of iron by epidermal cells since the half-life of the injected iron was found to be 67 days (02, 03). This is far greater than the usually... 

Miconazole is used to treat yeast infections, but applying a topical cream to the oral mucosa would cause pain and would not adhere to the mucosal lining. 

Bismuth Bluish-black discoloration of the oral mucosa in the form of dots and lines ulceration slight temperature Teeth encircled by a diffuse line of pigmentation, tongue blackened... 

The epithelial lining of the oral mucosa is composed of squamous cells with a characteristic layered stmcture formed by the process of cell maturation. The composition of this layer varies according to the tissue functions ... 

Omeprazole (p. 167) can cause maximal inhibition of HCl secretion. Given orally in gastric juice-resistant capsules, it reaches parietal cells via the blood. In the acidic milieu of the mucosa, an active metabolite is formed and binds covalently to the ATP-driven proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) that transports H+ in exchange for IC into the gastric juice. Lansoprazole and pantoprazole produce analogous effects. The proton pump inhibitors are first-line drugs for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

From the environmental point of view, the three principal routes of entry of xenobiot-ics into the human body are percutaneous, respiratory, and oral. In multicellular animals, the extracellular space is filled with interstitial fluid. Thus, regardless of how a compound enters the body (with the exception of intravenous administration), it enters interstitial fluid after penetrating the initial cellular barrier (such as skin, intestinal mucosa, or the lining of the respiratory tract). From the interstitial fluid, the compound penetrates the capillaries and enters the bloodstream, which distributes it throughout the body. 

Compared with other routes of administration, different mucosa that line the oral cavity (buccal and sublingual sites of drug administration) offer advantages that include (1) being noninvasive, (2) producing a rapid onset of action,... 

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