Oral delivery vehicles

Chen, L. Y. and Subirade, M. (2006). Alginate-whey protein granular microspheres as oral delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Biomaterials 27, 4646-4654. 

Acute oral LDjgS have been determined for mice (2,402 mg/kg) (Tucker et al. 1982) and rats (7,208 mg/kg) (Smyth et al. 1969). In a study in which pregnant rats were treated by gavage with trichloroethylene in com oil on gestation days 6-15, 2 of 13 died at 1,125 mg/kg/day, while all survived at 844 mg/kg/day (Narotsky etal. 1995). The lethality of trichloroethylene may be related to the delivery vehicle. Administration of trichloroethylene in an aqueous Emulphor vehicle proved to be more lethal but less hepatotoxic than similar administration of trichloroethylene in com oil during a 4-week exposure period (Merrick et al. 1989). Further... 

Ilan, E., Amselem, S., Weisspapir, M., Schwarz, J., Yogev, A., Zawoznik, E., and Friedman, D., Improved oral delivery of desmopressin via a novel vehicle mucoadhesive submicron emulsion, P/jarm. Res., 13 1083-1087 (1996). 

This chapter illustrated the broad spectrum of uses for plant-derived vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Many of the biopharmaceuticals listed in this chapter were developed in transgenic tobacco or potato plants. While tobacco is not ideal for the expression of vaccine proteins nor is raw potato ideal for oral consumption, they are both relatively easy to work with and have been well characterized, making them useful for proof-of-concept studies. The use of plants for production systems and delivery vehicles holds great promise for future biopharmaceutical development. Proteins can be produced in plants while remaining biologically functional they can be scaled up for large production and purified inexpensively and with relative ease. The following chapters describe the many attributes of plant-made biopharmaceuticals in more detail. 

Perlin DS. Amphotericin B cochleates a vehicle for oral delivery. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2004 5(2) 198. 

Humberstone, A.J. and Charman, WN. (1997) Lipid-based vehicles for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugsAdv. Drug Del. Rev., 25 103-128. 

Amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-alkyl dextran ethers are emerging as vehicles in the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs [251,268,269]. They form polymer micelles of low critical association concentrations (CAC) and small micelle sizes in aqueous solution. Particulate delivery systems lead to an enhancement of the absorption efficiency and bioavailability of highly hpophihc drugs orally applied, and provide the drug with some level of pro-... 

Polymer-based colloidal drug delivery carriers include polymeric micelles, nano- and micro- particles, or coated particles, and hydrogels [886,890,891]. These are being developed for vaccines and anti-cancer drugs, for targeting of specific treatment sites within the body, and as vehicles for ophthalmic and oral delivery. Methods for the creation of multi-layer coatings are reviewed by Sukhorukov [892] (see also Figure 14.4). Numerous examples are cited by Ravi Kumar [893]. 

Several types of CDD systems have been designed based on various mechanisms of drug release (Table I). These mechanisms are dependent on the required site of drug delivery, the physicochemical properties of the drug and also of the delivery vehicle (13), Modes of administration can be oral, sublingual, transdermal, rectal, intrauterine, ocular, or parenteral (intramuscular, peritoneal, and subcutaneous routes of injection). 

Stuchlik M and Zak, S. Lipid-Based Vehicle for Oral Delivery. BiomedPapers 2001 145 17-26. 

The latter process has been detailed in numerous pharmacokinetic models relating the observations on absorption, distribution, and elimination of orally or parenterally administered conventional pharmaceutical agents. The former process is unique to the topic of sustained drug release and is related to the physical and chemical characteristics of the drug and its polymer delivery vehicle and the biological response elicited by the Implanted system in situ. 

The production of microemulsions is comparatively simple and cost-effective, and thus, they have attracted a great interest as drug-delivery vehicles. Microemulsions have the capability of transporting lipophilic substances through an aqueous medium, and can also carry hydrophilic substances across lipoidal medium. Based on this attribute, potential of microemulsions has been explored for oral, transdermal, parenteral, topical, and pulmonary administration of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. In the last decade, microemulsions have also been explored for their potential as vehicles for topical ocular drug delivery."- ... 

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