Optical laser materials

Organic Dye Lasers. Organic dye lasers represent the only weU-developed laser type in which the active medium is a Hquid (39,40). The laser materials are dyestuffs, of which a common example is rhodamine 6G [989-38-8]. The dye is dissolved in very low concentration in a solvent such as methyl alcohol [67-56-17, CH OH. Only small amounts of dye are needed to produce a considerable effect on the optical properties of the solution. 

In principle, there is no upper bound in measurements of particle velocity (or stress) using laser velocity interferometry. In practice, very high-pressure shock fronts can cause copious jetting of microparticles from the free surface (Asay et al., 1976), obscuring the surface from the laser beam. To alleviate this, optically transparent materials can be bonded to the specimen, and particle velocity measurements are then made at the specimen/window interface. This has the added advantage of simulating in situ particle velocity... 

Within the limitations on the physical properties which generally restrict plastics to low precision optics, plastics materials have found wide applications in optical products that range from lights to binders for electroluminescent phosphors to fiber optics and lasers. They represent an easily worked material with a wide range of desirable optical properties in simple to complex shapes. In this review the discussion has been limited to the differences between plastics and optical glass materials and to some of the unique design possibilities that are especially important for plastics. Using the optical arts and the... 

Among all semiconductor NPs, metal selenides have been the focus of great attention due to their importance in various applications such as thermoelectric cooling materials, optical filters and sensors, optical recording materials, solar cells, superionic materials, laser materials and biological labels. Many synthetic methods have been developed for the preparation of relatively monodispersed selenide nanopartides (Murray et al., 1993 Korgel... 

By the sol-gel-process, inorganic glassy and hybrid polymeric materials are accessible at comparatively low temperatures [1], Therefore, organic molecules or dyes can easily be incorporated into the oxide matrix. This combination is especially attractive for the development of the following devices optical filters, solid-state lasers, optical switches, nonlinear optical laser hosts, optical data storage media, and photoconductive devices and films [2]. 

Applications exploiting porous silica to encapsulate sensor molecules, enzymes and many other compounds are developing rapidly. Nowadays, sol-gel technology is being used in various fields of modem technology, as for example the basis for optodes, integrated systems, fiber optics, lasers, and new materials. 

Optical recording material with Laser-writing and Laser-reading capabilities consists of the metal complex 48 [91 JAP(K)0313384]. 

Powell, R. C., Physics of Solid-State Laser Materials, AIP Press/Springer, New York (1997). Riseberg, L. A., and Weber, M. J., in Progress in Optics 14, ed. E. Wolf, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1975). 

The photodimer (Scheme 27) of acridizinium ethylhexanesulfonate has been used as a non-destructively read-reversible optical memory material to control the intensity and wavelength of emission from a laser (72MI21000). 

In this experiment, no use is made of femtosecond laser pulses, although the photoionization process itself is a femtosecond event. The next natural steps are experiments using femtosecond pulses and the traditional (not projection) electron optics. This materially extends the class of possible experiments. 

Frequency Doubling. As the name implies, in frequency doubling a substance doubles the frequency of the incident laser radiation. This effect is important in telecommunications and optical data storage. For example, in telecommunications the most efficient way to transmit data is by using infrared radiation, e g., 1200 nm radiation from an indium phosphide laser [60], Detection of infrared radiation is inefficient. In contrast, visible radiation is much easier to detect but is an inefficient transmitter of data. Consequently, an important application of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is to convert infrared radiation into visible and thus enable easier detection of the signal. 

If laser light of sufficient intensity is propagating through an optically nonlinear material, and the time dependence of the electric vector component of the electromagnetic field is given by E = E0 sin(cot), then from Eq. (8.35), the polarization is given by... 

With the applicability of this method now proved, it was worthwhile to look at the dependence of the spectra on the penetration depth. Figure 12 shows the change of the spectrum of ethanol on quartz caused by timing the angle of incidence from approx. 80 through the critical angle to a subcritical one, i.e., the laser beam is entering the optical rare material. 

Of course, there is a considerable amount of inhomogeneous broadening due to compositional fluctuations, as in any other temary/binary quantum well laser material. However, this broadening is detrimental rather than beneficial for the laser, since it reduces the peak optical gain. 

Most fundamental studies of the optical gain in semiconductor laser materials and structures are based on the stripe excitation method used to measure the optical gain [13], This relies on optical pumping and a variation of the length of the excited zone. Great care must be taken in order to avoid saturation effects. 

The first optical laser, the ruby laser, was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. Since that time lasers have had a profound impact on many areas of science and indeed on our everyday lives. The monochromaticity, coherence, high-intensity, and widely variable pulse-duration properties of lasers have led to dramatic improvements in optical measurements of all kinds and have proven especially valuable in spectroscopic studies in chemistry and physics. Because of their robustness and high power outputs, solid-state lasers are the workhorse devices in most of these applications, either as primary sources or, via nonlinear crystals or dye media, as frequency-shifted sources. In this experiment the 1064-mn near-infrared output from a solid-state Nd YAG laser will be frequency doubled to 532 nm to serve as a fast optical pump of a raby crystal. Ruby consists of a dilute solution of chromium 3 ions in a sapphire (AI2O3) lattice and is representative of many metal ion-doped solids that are useful as solid-state lasers, phosphors, and other luminescing materials. The radiative and nonradiative relaxation processes in such systems are important in determining their emission efficiencies, and these decay paths for the electronically excited Cr ion will be examined in this experiment. 

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