Opioid analgesic drugs source

Current drug treatment of the patient is limited to opioid analgesics and ibuprofen for pain. The patient s past drug history includes a severe skin rash following treatment of otitis media with cefaclor. The following data show the antimicrobial sensitivity of aerobic isolates from urine sources in the hospital. 

This chapter concentrates on some drug choices in acute rather than chronic pain, but the same principles can be used to determine the appropriateness of other types of analgesic. The drugs considered in this section are paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs specifically diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacin, naproxen, sulindac and tenoxicam) and opioids (codeine, dihydrocodeine, morphine, pethidine and tramadol). Unless otherwise stated, all pharmacokinetic data originate from standard reference sources [1-5] and apply to adults only. 

Opiates, narcotic compounds extracted or derived from opium, are a remarkable source of lead compounds for their potent pharmaceutical effects such as analgesics, antitussives and ataractics, and of which many synthetic derivatives have been prepared [8, 72], Apomorphine (28), a dopamine agonist derivative from morphine (5) but without analgesic properties like morphine, was recently approved as a therapy for Parkinson s disease [73], Hydrocodone (30) is a narcotic agent derived from thebaine (29) and is commonly combined with other analgesics such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen as drugs to relieve pain. [74]. Naloxone (31) and naltrexone (32) are both opioid receptor antagonists. Naloxone is used as a treatment for opioid... 

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