Opiates analysis

Of the three cases tested (see Table 8), two are positive for methadone. The chromatograms of Figure 14 show that the technique remains sufficiently selective and that, in the extraction conditions optimised for opiates, analysis of methadone is also possible. 

SPE has been the most widely employed sample pretreatment prior to LC for the analysis of opium alkaloids, as it is reflected in Table 33.2. Reversed phase-cation exchange is the more common sorbent for SPE of opium alkaloids [59, 70, 71, 75, 77]. 0iestad et al. [69] employed supported LLE on ChemElute colunms as sample treatment for the analysis of opiates in whole blood, prior to LC-MS/MS. However, LLE has not been that employed as SPE prior to LC for opiates analysis. 

Rajananda, V., et al. "An Evaluation of TLC Systems for Opiate Analysis." United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Bulletin on Narcotics (1985), -47. 

Opiate analysis has been practiced using different methodologies for many years however, interpretation of results is often complex due to the fact that metabolism to active metabolites creates species that are also available commercially and have abuse potential (4). As well urinary parent/metabolite ratios change over time and accumulations are affected by chronic dosing. Inclusion of some of the nor metabolites such as norcodeine, noroxycodone, and norhydrocodone may facilitate interpretation of which drug was administered (4). 

The iaterpretation of forensic toxicology (18) results is often challenging. Courts frequently ask if an amount of dmg detected ia a specimen could cause a specific type of behavior, ie, would someone be under the influence of a dmg at a specific concentration, would a particular dmg concentration cause diminished capacity, or was the dmg the cause of death In a random employee dmg testing case, a worker screened positive for opiates by EMIT and gc/ms analysis of the urine specimen showed low levels of morphine. Although one possibiUty was that the iadividual was a heroia user, a review of foods eaten ia the prior 24 hours suggested a more innocent cause a poppy-seed bagel. 

Authors are designed row sensitive and selective test-systems for analysis of heavy metals, active chlorine, phenols, nitrates, nitrites, phosphate etc. for analysis of objects of an environment and for control of ions Ee contents in the technological solutions of KH PO, as well as for testing some of pharmacological psychotropic daigs alkaloids (including opiates), cannabis as well as pharmaceutical preparations of phenothiazines, barbiturates and 1,4-benzodiazepines series too. 

Figure 11.12 GC analysis of (a) urine sample spiked with opiates 3 p.g/ml) and (b) blank urine sample. Peak identification is as follows 1, dihydrocodeine 2, codeine 3, ethylmor-phine 4, moipliine 5, heroin. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 771, T. Hyotylainen et al., Determination of morphine and its analogues in urine by on-line coupled reversed-phase liquied cliromatography-gas clrromatography with on-line derivatization, pp. 360-365, copyright 1997, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Structure-Function Analysis of the Cloned Opiate Receptors... 

Blake AD, Bot G, Reisine T. Structure-function analysis of the cloned opiate receptors peptide and small molecule interactions. Chem Biol 1996 3 967-972. 

The analysis of codeine, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM, a metabohte of heroin), and cocaine is important for many toxicology labs to determine illicit drug use. When analyzing opiates in urine samples, frequently the matrix chosen for drug screening, the conjugated metabolites must be hydrolyzed however, this process can break down 6-MAM (Christophersen et al., 1987). These compounds can be derivatized to increase sensitivity, and both BCD and NPD are used for these assays. Derivatizations used include reaction with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide followed by GC-FID (Lin et al., 1994) or with N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (Christophersen et al., 1987 Lee and Lee, 1991), PFPA (Christophersen et al., 1987), or heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) followed by GC-ECD. All these methods show good sensitivity and selectivity. 

Btewet, D.D., Catalano, R.F., Haggerty, K., Gainey, R.R., and Fleming, C.B. (1998) A meta-analysis of ptedictots of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction. Addiction 93-J3-91. 

Marsch LA (1998). The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing ilhcit opiate use, HIV risk behaviour and criminahty a meta-analysis. Addiction, 93, 515-32... 

Analysis of countries which have conducted both school surveys and national household surveys shows that there is, in general, a positive correlation between the two variables, particularly for cannabis, ATS and cocaine. The correlation, however, is weaker than that of lifetime and annual prevalence or current use and annual prevalence among the general population but stronger than the correlation between opiate use and IDU-related HIV cases and, stronger than the link between treatment and drug use. 

Gratton, Alain. 1996. "In Vivo Analysis of the Role of Dopamine in Stimulant and Opiate Self-Administration." Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 21 264-79. 

Hommer, Daniel W., and Agu Pert. 1983. "The Action of Opiates in the Rat Substantia Nigra An Electrophysiological Analysis." Peptides 4 603-8. 

Schulteis, Gery, Athina Markou, Lisa H. Gold, Luis Stinus, and George F. Koob. 1994. "Relative Sensitivity of Multiple Indices of Opiate Withdrawal A Quantitative Dose-Response Analysis." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 271 1391-98. 

De Quincey s account lends itself well to analysis using the knowledge gained through modern sleep and dream pharmacology. It helps us to answer the question What is the mechanism of action of the opiates upon the brain and how might it intensify dreaming ... 

N. K. Nair, V. Navaratnam, and V. Rajananda, Analysis of illicit heroin, I, an effective TLC system for separating eight opiates and five adulterants, J. Chromatogr., 366 363 1986). 

Kala SV, Harris SE, Freijo TD, Gerlich S (2008) Validation of analysis of amphetamines, opiates, phencyclidine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine in oral fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 32(8) 605—611... 

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