OPERATIONAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Gaseous, liquid and solid radioactive waste is generated in various types and amounts from the operation of research reactors. The nature and the amount of such waste depend on factors including the following  

The operating organization should estabhsh, as part of its plans and 

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Radioactive waste management involves the treatment, storage, and disposal of liquid, airborne, and solid effluents from the nuclear industry s operations, along with those from other activities that employ the radioactive products. Its strategy involves four approaches limit generation, delay and decay, concentrate and contain, and dilute and disperse. Combinations of all four of these usually are employed to manage each waste stream.39... 

Andrews, R. A. et al. 1995. Total system performance assessment-J 995 An evaluation of the potential Yucca Mountain repository. Las Vegas, NV Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management and Operating Contractor. 

Prepared by Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) participants as part of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. The YMP project is managed by the Yucca Mountain Project Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. YMP Project work is sponsored by the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. 

Bruno, J., Bosbach, D., Kulik, D., Navrotsky, A., Chemical Thermodynamics of Solid Solutions of Interest in Radioactive Waste Management. A State-of-the-art report, 1st. Edition, Nuclear Energy Agency Data Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Ed., vol. 10, Chemical Thermodynamics, OECD Publications, (2007), 266 pp.. Cited on page 5. 

CRWMS M O, 1997. Drift Scale Test Design and Forecast Results. Report BABOOOOOO-01717-4600-(KX)07, Rev.Ol, prepared by the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management and Operating Contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy Yucca Mountain Site Characterisation Office, Las Vegas, Nevada, December 1997. 

CRWMS M O, Multiscale Thermohydrologic Model. ANL-EBS-MD-000049. Revision 00. ICN02. North Las Vegas, NV. Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System, Management and Operating Contractor, 2001. 

CRWMS M O (Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management Operating Contractor). 1999. TBV-332/TBD-325 Resolution Analysis Geotechnical Rock Properties. BOOOOOOOO-01717-5705-00134 REV 00. Las Vegas, Nevada. 

The PAMELA vitrification process development as well as the operating experiences have been presented at several international conferences and symposia on radioactive waste management [1-5]. Presentations were also made at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Disposal of Weapons Plutonium—Approaches and Prospects, held in St. Petersburg, Russia, May 14-17, 1995 [6-7]. 

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants, Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-2.7, IAEA, Vienna (2002). 

The French fast reactor prototype Phenix, located at Marcoule in the Card department, was put into commercial operation in 1974. The total time of power operation of the plant is approximately 100 000 hours. The initial objective of Fast Breeder Reactor demonstration has been achieved. Since the mid-nineties, the role of the reactor as an irradiation facility has been enqjhasized, particularly in support of the CEA s transmutation R D programme in the context of the 30 December 1991 French law on long-lived radioactive waste management. This new objective has required the extension of the planned reactor lifetime. A renovation programme was defined based on ... 

Furthermore, any nuclear incident tends to result in renewed examination of all aspects of the nuclear power and nuclear fuel systems, from fuel supply through reactor operation and transport of irradiated materials to radioactive waste management. Although this has certainly been the case with the Chernobyl accident, this review of international responses mainly restricts itself to issues arising from the possibility of an incident at an operating reactor and does not cover areas such as radioactive waste management or transport of materials. However, the discussion of... 

AR71 Radiation protection and radioactive waste management in the operation of nuclear power plants, NS-G-2.7, 19 December 2002. 

Since the refueling interval is 10 years, the frequency of radioactive waste management operation through plant life is very low. 

Argentina, in the framework of the Radioactive Waste Management Strategic Plan, has defined its schedule for deep geological disposal. The site should be selected by 2030 and a deep geological repository should be in operation by 2050. 

To define responsibilities of waste generators and operators of radioactive waste management facilities... 

The role and responsibilities of waste generators and operators who shall have responsibility for the safety of radioactive waste management activities are to be defined. If these activities are carried out by several operators in sequence, continuity of responsibilities shall be ensured. 

The responsibility for the safety of radioactive waste management activities rests with the operators. 

They shall safely operate the waste management facilities. Graieration of radioactive waste shall be kept to the minimum practicable. Interdependencies among all stq>s in radioactive waste generation and management shall be tq rq>riately taken into account. 

Waste generators and operators of radioactive waste management facilities shall comply with the legal requirements inqposed on them and demonstrate such conqtliance to the satisfaction of the regulatory body. 

The final requirement will be for the operating organisation to provide regulatory bodies with such information as may be required to release it from further responsibility for the facility or the site. As regards radioactive waste management matters this information will include... 

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