Operating Procedures start

Using the written standard operating procedure, start up and run the distillation equipment. 

To distinguish between a review and an audit, some definitions will be provided. A review is a critical examination or evaluation of any operation, procedure, condition, event, or equipment item. Reviews can take many forms and be identified as project reviews, design reviews, safety reviews, pre-start-up reviews, and so on. The following discussion of the review process will deal with project reviews associated with capital projects and focus on the area of process safety. 

Introduction DG set Operating parameters Theory of operation Guidelines on the selection of a DG set Types of loads Starting of a DG set Proteetion of a DG set Parallel operation Procedure of parallel operation Recommended protection for a synchronizing scheme Load sharing by two or more generators Total automation through PLCs... 

The design procedure starts by identifying the minimum utility cost for a given heat-transfer driving force. Next, the fixed and operating costs are traded off by iterating over the driving forces until the minimum total annualized cost TAC is attained. 

To assure consistency and speed in multidisciplinary structure analysis of low-MW compounds involving various techniques (IR, NMR, MS, etc.) most industrial laboratories use a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). In such schemes IR analysis is frequently used as a cheap filter for a quick starting control and as a means for verification. As IR detects only structural units identification of an unknown compound on the basis of IR is difficult. Mass spectrometry is used as the prime identification tool and is especially important in the determination of the exact mass and gross formulae. While structural prognostication on the basis of MS is difficult for the non-expert, a posteriori interpretation is quite feasible. H NMR is both easy and cheap, however requires greater sample quantities than either... 

One of the best definitions is by Attilio Bisio (1) The successful startup and operation of a commercial size unit whose design and operating procedures are in part based on experimentation and demonstration at a smaller scale of operation. He also points out that Smith (2) argued in 1968 that the starting point for scaleup studies is the ultimate intended commercial unit. The professional should scaledown from the design parameters and constraints of that commercial unit so that the smaller scale experiments were most useful in reducing the uncertainties of the commercial run. Smith wrote that scaleup from small-scale studies is a misleading concept. 

These and other scale-up effects must be considered in the appropriate start-up and operation of a commercial unit for which the design and operating procedures are based, at least in part, on experimentation and demonstration on a small scale. 

Defining and selecting the factors to be examined should be carefully thought through before starting a robustness test. Usually, the factors in a robusmess test are operational or environmental factors. The former are selected from the operating procedure of the method, while the latter are not necessarily specified in this procedure. Those factors, which are most likely to vary when a method is transferred between different laboratories, analysts or instruments, are selected. 

On August 1, 2001 at 10 30 A.M., a control room operator remotely started the feeds to Kettle No. 3 in the catalyst preparation area. The normal procedure was to fill the kettle to approximately 80%, but Kettle No. 3 was apparently completely filled this time. The level indicator showed a high level, but the alarm did not sound. (The alarm was later found to be inhibited.) A high-pressure alarm for this vessel was acknowledged at 11 03 A.M. by the control room operator. At 11 00 A.M., a severe thunderstorm had started and within 5 minutes caused a power outage throughout the immediate vicinity. The ambient temperature was about 83°F and winds were from the northwest at about 3 mph. 

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