Operating diagram extraction

The present description pertaining to copper refers to solvent extraction of copper at the Bluebird Mine, Miami. When the plant became operational in the first quarter of 1968 it used L1X 64, but L1X 64N was introduced in to its operation from late 1968. The ore consists of the oxidized minerals, chrysocolla and lesser amounts of azurite and malachite. A heap leaching process is adopted for this copper resource. Heap-leached copper solution is subjected to solvent extraction operation, the extractant being a solution of 7-8% L1X 64N incorporated in kerosene diluent. The extraction process flowsheet is shown in Figure 5.20. The extraction equilibrium diagram portrayed in Figure 5.21 (A) shows the condi-... 

To test the separation of the three actinides (Th, U and Pu) from each other, a modified Thorex solvent extraction flow sheet using 30% tributylphosphate (TBP) has been developed. Considerable work has already been reported in the literature for separations in Th-U systems ( 3, 4), but inclusion of Pu in the fuel cycle adds additional complexities (5). The flow sheet adopted is that in Figure 1, which also shows the relative flows (FL) of the inlet streams and concentrations (M or mol/L) of the major components. The flow ratios and acidities for each contactor were initially derived by constructing McCabe-Thiele operating diagrams based on unpublished distribution measurements made in our laboratories (6). 

Fig. 6-14. Operating diagram of a cross-current extraction cascade with three stages.

Fig. 6-17. Operating diagram for constant flow rates of carrier and solvent in countercurrent extraction.

Fig. 6-31. Operating diagram of an extraction column with SMV packing.

Illustration 7.2 Single-Stage Liquid Extraction The Triangular Operating Diagram... 

Operating diagram for single-stage equilibrium extraction. 

The resulting operating diagram is shown in Figure 7.4b. It shows us, at a glance, that an increase in the extracting medium B will increase the slope of the operating line and hence solute recovery (Yp - Yp)/Yp, just as it did for adsorption, but that this will be at the expense of a more dilute extract. Various other consequences can be read off with equal ease. 

Liquid—Hquid equiHbria having more than three components caimot as a rule be represented on a two-dimensional diagram. Such systems are important in fractional extraction, for example, operations in which two consolute components C and D are separated by means of two solvents A and B. For the special case where A and B are immiscible, the linear distribution law can be appHed to components C and D independendy ... 

FIG. 22-85 Phase diagram for a PEG/Dextran, hiphasic, aqueous-polymer system used in liquid-liquid extraction operations for protein separations. Alheiisson, Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules, 3d ed., Copyright 1986. Reprintedhy petTTUssion of John Wiley Sons, Inc.)... 

The concentration of enzyme is veiy low, about several hundred milligrams per litre in the fermentation broth. Solvent extraction is a suitable process to recover a small amount of enzyme. The chance of some enzyme being intracellular is high, therefore cells are ruptured to liberate enzyme, which can then interact with organic solvents. Figure 7.1 shows a simple diagram for a jacketed fermentation vessel for operation at constant temperature. 

The graphical construction of an extraction isotherm, an operating line, and the stepwise evaluation of the number of stages in this manner is known as a McCabe-Thiele diagram. Flistorically, it found great application in a variety of mass transfer operations, from gas adsorption through distillation to solvent extraction. Flowever, the advent of modern computational techniques has made it largely redundant, as it is often easier and certainly more accurate to calculate the cascade directly. 

Differences are apparent in the second move as well. Both the poster and journal article signal the second move with subheadings, but in the poster, the procedures are presented in bulleted lists of sentences or phrases. Such lists, which could also be numbered, are common in posters. Essential details are presented, specifically those that are needed to understand the rest of the poster. In this case, we chose to highlight a few details about the saponification and extraction procedures. Note, however, that we did not include operating parameters for the GC-electron capture or GC/MS-MS instruments (other than the vendors and model numbers). In a poster, such parameters are optional they may be included, but they are not required. Also, in a poster (but not a journal article), the parameters can be listed in phrases rather than in complete sentences. An illustrative sketch, diagram, or photograph of the SPME holder, fiber, or extraction setup would also be appropriate to include at this point. Finally, if any numerical methods have been used, they should be mentioned in an additional bullet. 

If, from a specified lube distillate we are required to make a given raffinate, R, and extract, E, and are given the reflux ratio for the enriching section of the column, operating points V and 0 for each section may be constructed on the diagram. A line constructed... 

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