Opening charge

WWI as an opening charge (see above) in incendi- graphs in Vol 3, C304-Rff... 

Marshall (Ref 1, Vol 3) states that the British used a mild but hot expl, Ophorite (qv), during WWI as an opening charge for incendiary shells and smoke bombs... 

After preconditioning and evacuating the system, the reactor is opened, charged with 0.270 g. (0.0065 mole) of LiAlD4 (>98% D), and then evacuated again. Ten milliliters of dried diethyl ether and 0.9 ml. anhydrous tin(IV) chloride (0.0077 mole) are distilled into the reactor, which is cooled to —196°. ... 

The spiropyran-modified poly(L-glutamic acid) PGA-2 undergoes a coil helix transition upon exposure to visible light in hexafluoro-2-propanol solution. In the dark, the polypeptide, containing 30-80 mol% chromophore units in the open charged form, adopts a random coil conformation. Irradiation causes isomerization in the side chains, as indicated by complete bleaching of the colored solution (see Scheme 5.4). The formation of the colorless and uncharged spiropyran form induces spiralization of the polypeptide chain. The coil helix transition can be followed with the aid of CD spectra, as shown in Fig. 5.4. 

Coke fired cupola gas is composed primarily of N2, CO2, H2O, and CO, with smaller amounts of SO2. On conventional cupolas, where the off-gas is collected above the charging door, a distinction has to be made between the condition of the flue-gases below and above the charging door, since ambient air is entrained through the open charge door. This input significantly changes the total airflow. 

Carbonate rocks are more frequently fractured than sandstones. In many cases open fractures in carbonate reservoirs provide high porosity / high permeability path ways for hydrocarbon production. The fractures will be continuously re-charged from the tight (low permeable) rock matrix. During field development, wells need to be planned to intersect as many natural fractures as possible, e.g. by drilling horizontal wells. 

Figure C2.6.9. Phase diagram of charged colloidal particles. The solid lines are predictions by Robbins et al [85]. Fluid phase (open circles), fee crystal (solid circles) and bee crystal (triangles). is tire interaction energy at tire...

Section 7.1) have been developed to assign quantitative values to the partial charges of the atoms in a molecule [1, 2. This opens the door to defining chemical reactivity on a more quantitative basis. 

Phenol condenses with phthahc anhydride in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid or anhydrous zinc chloride to yield the colourless phenolphthalein as the main product. When dilute caustic alkah is added to an alcoholic solution of phenolphthalein, an intense red colouration is produced. The alkali opens the lactone ring in phenolphthalein and forms a salt at one phenolic group. The reaction may be represented in steps, with the formation of a h3q)othetical unstable Intermediate that changes to a coloured ion. The colour is probably due to resonance which places the negative charge on either of the two equivalent oxygen atoms. With excess of concentrated caustic alkali, the first red colour disappears this is due to the production of the carbinol and attendant salt formation, rendering resonance impossible. The various reactions may be represented as follows ... 

This suggests that as water attacks the bromonium ion positive charge develops on the carbon from which the bromine departs The transition state has some of the character of a carbocation We know that more substituted carbocations are more stable than less substituted ones therefore when the bromonium ion ring opens it does so by breaking the bond between bromine and the more substituted carbon... 

At the end of xanthation, any remaining traces of CS2 are flushed from the wet churn prior to, or in some cases by, admitting a charge of the dissolving or mixer soda in order to commence dissolution. For a dry churn operation, the vessel is opened to allow the golden xanthate cmmbs to be discharged into a separate mixer. 

Electrophoresis and electro osmosis can be used to enhance conventional cake filtration. Electrodes of suitable polarity are placed on either side of the filter medium so that the incoming particles move toward the upstream electrode, away from the medium. As most particles carry negative charge, the electrode upstream of the medium is usuaHy positive. The electric field can cause the suspended particles to form a more open cake or, in the extreme, to prevent cake formation altogether by keeping aH particles away from the medium. 

Submerged-Arc Furnace. Furnaces used for smelting and for certain electrochemical operations are similar in general design to the open-arc furnace in that they are usually three-phase, have three vertical electrode columns and a shell to contain the charge, but dkect current may also be utilised They are used in the production of phosphoms, calcium carbide, ferroalloys, siUcon, other metals and compounds (17), and numerous types of high temperature refractories. 

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