Open Eye

You may believe that the accidents could not happen at your plant because you have systems to prevent them. Many of the accidents I describe occurred on plants that had such systems, but the systems were not always followed. The accidents happened because of various management failures failure to convince people that they should follow the systems, failure to detect previous violations (by audits, spot checks, or just keeping an open eye), or deliberately turning a blind eye to avoid conflict or to get a job done quickly. The first step down the road to many a serious accident occurred when someone turned a blind eye to a missing blind (see Chapter 1). 

For conditions of (1) high suction side (or inlet) friction loss, from suction piping calculations or (2) low available Net Positive Suction Head (10 feet or less), a large open eye on the impeller inlet is necessary to keep the inlet velocity low. NPSH is discussed in a later section. The manufacturer should be given the conditions in order to properly appraise this situation. 

Finally, eye-drops for nse dnring open-eye surgery must not contain a preservative becanse of their cytotoxicity. Single-dose preparations are, therefore, ideally snited for this pnrpose. 

After intraamniotic injection, acrolein is teratogenic to rats in vivo but not in vitro. When administered intraamniotically to the whole embryo culture system of the rat on day 13 of gestation, acrolein caused edema, hydrocephaly, open eyes, cleft palate, abnormal umbilical cord, and defects of the limbs and face (Slott and Hales 1986). Beauchamp etal. (1985) suggest that acrolein-associated teratogenicity is caused by acrylic acid, an acrolein metabolite. Acrylic acid injected into amniotic fluid of rats on day 13 of gestation produced a dose-dependent increase in the percent of fetuses with skeletal and other abnormalities (Beauchamp et al. 1985). 

Human volunteers exposed to PGDN at various concentrations of also exhibited central nervous system effects (Stewart et al. 1974). At 0.35 ppm, the VER was altered, particularly at 8 h. This effect became more pronounced at 0.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm, after 45-90 min at the latter concentration. After 6.25 h of exposure at 0.5 ppm, two subjects had abnormal heel-to-toe balance tests with their eyes closed, and after 8 h, all three subjects had abnormal modified Romberg tests as well as abnormal heel-to-toe tests with eyes closed. At this time, one subject was unable to perform the heel-to-toe test with open eyes. 

Exposure of mice to 2.5 mg/kg on gestation day 9 resulted in significantly increased incidence of open eyes and cleft palate (Ottolenghi et al. 1974). No dose-related evidence of open eyes and cleft palate was seen in mice intubated with 1.5 mg/kg/day on gestation days 7-17 (Kavlock et al. 1981). Exencephaly... 

Developmental Effects. Developmental effects associated with exposure of humans to endrin have not been reported. Prenatal exposure of animals to concentrations of endrin sufficient to cause maternal toxicity has resulted in a statistically significant increase in the incidence of fused ribs, cleft palate, exencephaly, microencephaloceles, and open eyes in hamsters and mice. Effects were not necessarily reproducible between studies. Adverse developmental effects generally have not been observed in rats (Kavlock et al. 1981) except for temporary increase in locomotor activity of pups (Gray et al. 1981) and delayed ossification at doses which resulted in maternal toxicity (Goldenthal 1978a). Developmental effects were found primarily in one species. It is unknown if these effects would occur in humans. 

The Open Eyes Detective Agency gets a lot of calls. Lulu Werble works as a private investigator. She also delivers the mail, is a firefighter, a deputy sheriff, and a former trapeze performer. She was in the office when the phone rang. "Open Eyes Detective Agency. How can we help " she said. 

All eye drops, including chloramphenicol, are sterile before opening and must be d iscarded within 4 weeks of opening. Eye drops contain a preservative and are available in small-volume containers (10 ml). 

Q83 Eye drops should be discarded after 4 weeks from opening. Eye drops do not contain a preservative. 

When the instillation of eye drops is difficult (eg, pediatric patients, adults with particularly strong blink reflex), the close-eye method may be used. This involves lying down, placing the prescribed number of drops on the eyelid in the inner corner of the eye, then opening eye so that drops will fall into the eye by gravity. 

C9 6 58 1 16.7 1 1.7 1 Anencephaly, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, gastroschisis, open eyes... 

As mentioned in the introduction, Khera hypothesized that unspeciflc maternal toxicity, per se, was significanfly associated with various fetal adverse effects, including major malformations (5, 6). Based on retrospective analysis of literature data in rodents, hamster, and rabbits he proposed that a number of effects on the offspring occurred merely as a consequence of maternally mediated toxicity. Proposed maternal toxicity-related effects included decreased fetal body weight, external/visceral and skeletal malformations and developmental variations, and resorptions. Examples of the malformations Khera associated with maternal toxicity include exencephaly, open eye, and fused thoracic or lumbar vertebrae in mice, and fused ribs, exencephaly, and eye defects in hamsters, as well as rib, vertebral, and sternebral defects in rats and rabbits. Khera s hypothesis was that such effects were species-specific, and were seldom observed at dosages below those that were maternally toxic. 

Congenital anomalies and tumours can be studied in the offspring of exposed male rodents mated to untreated females. The pups are examined the day before term, as opposed to mid-term, as in the conventional study (Knudsen et al., 1977). At this stage, congenital anomalies can be detected and documented, including hydrocephaly, exencephaly, cleft palate, open eye, runts (dwarfs), oedema, anasarca... 

Microphthalmia—small eye Anophthalmia—lack of eye Open eye—no apparent eyelid, eye is open... 

Early studies of cyclodienes revealed reproductive effects on mice, rats, and dogs associated with changes in the estrus cycle (ref. 100, p. 154). Ottolenghi et al. (ref. 105) observed teratogenic effects on mice and hamsters at 1/2 LD q doses of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. In addition to the anomalies observed (cleft palate, webbed feet and open eyes), growth retardation and fetal deaths occurred. Effects on the dams were not reported, but none of the expected overt toxic symptoms associated with chlorinated cycloalkenes was in evidence (ref. 105) ... 

Visions 4 and 5 involve open eyes and rapt attention to external stimuli, such as sounds, lights, touch, etc. In Vision 4 the external imagery is primarily conceptual and in Vision 5 emotional factors predominate. 

Filter, Omega, ROCS, SMACK, etc. Open Eye 194 http //www.eyesopen.com/... 

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