Open confocal

Fig. 20.1. Confocal images of whole mounts of the ovijector region of A suum stained with phalloidin-tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) to show muscle and with an anti-RFamide antiserum coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to show FaRPergic nerves. (A) Main ventral nerve cord encircles opening of ovijector where it meets the body wall and is immunopositive for FaRPs. (B) Flat-fixed preparation of the ovijector showing circular muscles and tracts of parallel FaRPergic nerves (arrows). (C) Detail of the circular muscle of ovijector and associated nerves (arrows). (D) A FaRPergic cell body is localized in the ventral nerve cord at junction with ovijector and provides innervation to ovijector muscle.

Transient spontaneous increases in intracellular ionized Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+] , were first detected in smooth muscle as bursts of openings of Ca2+ activated K+ channels (Benham Bolton 1986). Several years later, laser scanning confocal imaging showed that similar spontaneous transient increases in... 

Owing to the simphcity and versatility of surface-initiated ATRP, the above-mentioned AuNP work may be extended to other particles for their two- or three-dimensionally ordered assemblies with a wide controllabiUty of lattice parameters. In fact, a dispersion of monodisperse SiPs coated with high-density PMMA brushes showed an iridescent color, in organic solvents (e.g., toluene), suggesting the formation of a colloidal crystal [108]. To clarify this phenomenon, the direct observation of the concentrated dispersion of a rhodamine-labeled SiP coated with a high-density polymer brush was carried out by confocal laser scanning microscopy. As shown in Fig. 23, the experiment revealed that the hybrid particles formed a wide range of three-dimensional array with a periodic structure. This will open up a new route to the fabrication of colloidal crystals. 

Figure 3.15 Absorption profiles for a line scan across the sharp edge of a thin PMMA film, providing a measure of spatial resolution and image contrast. Open circles are experimental results and solid lines are the calculated profiles based on the diffraction PSF. Left nonconfocal absorption profile. Right confocal profile.

The combination of SFM, confocal laser scanning microscopy and Ultramicrotomy opens up unique opportunities to visualize external and internal K562 leukemic cellular ultrastructure with a high resolution. 

Fixed values of f and r] define confocal orthogonal paraboloids with the focus at the origin and their common axis as the z-axis, opening in the directions of increasing and decreasing values of z, respectively. The radial coordinate and the scale factors can be evaluated to be... 

The family of confocal ellipsoids and hyberboloids represented by the prolate spheroidal coordinates allows us now to treat the case of a many-electron atom spatially limited by an open surface in half-space. A special case of the family of hyperboloids corresponds to an infinite plane defined by jj = 0 according to Equations (35) and (36). We now treat the specific case of an atom whose nuclear position is located at the focus a distance D from the plane as shown in Figure 4. 

More recently, confocal fluorimetry itself has been impressively extended. In particular, the implementation of multi-photon excitation opened the potential to excite different fluorescent labels by a single laser line [47]. This considerably simplified the optical setup of confocal instruments. For example, Heinze et al. [48] described a setup for two-photon excitation confocal fluorimetry where three molecular species were quantified simultaneously using a single laser. When included in screening systems, these spectroscopic advancements enable the quantification of enzymatic reaction rates on several substrates in parallel or, when applied for peptide or protein ligands, the simultaneous measurement of binding affinities on different target receptors. In this way, biopharmaceuticals can be selected on the basis of their specificity and selectivity. As a consequence, undesired side activities can be controlled very early in the hit identification process. 

An overview of all actin-based activities in a cell is most conveniently obtained by maximum projection of z-stacks comprising the entire cell. Confocal sections are superimposed on each other, and in each row of pixels the highest fluorescence intensity is determined (http /yrsbweb.nih.gov./ij/ open image stack stacks SD Project). Figure 2 shows that by maximum projection the various actin structures present in different regions from bottom to top of a chemotaxing cell are simultaneously viewed. 

In summary, we have demonstrated by the presented results that SFM and confocal laser scanning microscopy open unique opportunities to visualize leukemic cells at high resolution. The combined techniques can be used to obtain new more detailed characteristics of leukemic cells than with either technique alone. 

Estimators of the NNDF and the PCF are given in Figs. 5 (model system) and 6 (NPC of 3T3 cells). Figure 5 contains data for 105-nm beads (Fig. 5, a and b) and 170-nm beads (c and d). Moreover, in all cases the NNDF and PCF estimators were calculated from both confocal data (solid symbols) and electron microscopic data (open symbols) from the same specimen, which allows a direct comparison. 

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