Imaging confocal laser scanning

In biological imaging, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has in the last decade significantly extended our ability to visualize highly complex samples as multidimensional datasets (space, time, colors). In parallel, the introduction of fluorescent protein variants as in vivo tags of structures of interest has opened up new ways to observe cellular processes inside the living cell or tissue (for review see Miyawaki et al., this issue). 

FIG. 7 Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of a fonr-layer polyelectrolyte/CdTe(S) nanocrystal shell assembled on 1.5-p,m-diameter ME particles. The polyelectrolyte film consists of two bUayers of PAH and PSS. (From Ref. 76.)... 

J. Bloem, M. Veningra, and J. Shepherd, Fully automatic determination of soil bacterium numbers, cell volumes, and frequencies of dividing cells by confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image-analysis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 926... 

Spengler and Hubert (2002) describe a confocal laser scanning microscope used in conjunction with a TOF mass spectrometer, and also possessing ion imaging... 

Figure 4. DDC (A), serotonin (B), and tyrosine hydroxylase (C) immunore-activity in the posterior region of a wild-type Drosophila ventral ganglion. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) encodes the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis and is a marker for dopamine cells. B and C are the same CNS assayed for both serotonin and TH. M, medial dopamine neurons VL, ventrolateral serotonin neurons DL, dorsolateral dopamine neurons. Short unmarked arrows in C show vacuolated cells that do not contain DDC immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity in these cells may represent a nonspecific cross-reactivity of the rat TH antibody. The length bar in A is 50 pM. The images are confocal projections generated on a Molecular Dynamics-2000 confocal laser scanning microscope.

Fig. 9 Surface modification of cells with ssDNA-PEG-lipid. (a) Real-time monitoring of PEG-lipid incorporation into a supported lipid membrane by SPR. (r) A suspension of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of egg yolk lecithin (70 pg/mL) was applied to a CH3-SAM surface. A PEG-lipid solution (100 pg/mL) was then applied, (ii) Three types of PEG-lipids were compared PEG-DMPE (C14), PEG-DPPE (C16), and PEG-DSPE (C18) with acyl chains of 14, 16, and 18 carbons, respectively, (b) Confocal laser scanning microscopic image of an CCRF-CEM cell displays immobilized FITC-oligo(dA)2o hybridized to membrane-incorporated oligo(dT)20-PEG-lipid. (c) SPR sensorigrams of interaction between oligo(dA)2o-urokinase and the oligo (dT)2o-PEG-lipid incorporated into the cell surface, (i) BSA solution was applied to block nonspecific sites on the oligo(dT)20-incorporated substrate, (ii) Oligo(dA)20-urokinase (solid line) or oligo(dT)20-urokinase (dotted line) was applied...

Fig. 10 Confocal laser scanning microscope images of islets with urokinase (UK) immobilized on the membrane. The green fluorescence indicates positive immunostaining for UK. (a) Islets were modified with oligo(dT)2o-PEG-lipid (C16) or (b) oligo(dT)2o-PEG-lipid (C18) then, oligo (dA)2o-UK was added to the media, (c) Unmodified islets with (left) and without (right) oligo (dT)20-PEG-lipids added to the solution. Insets. Bright field images. Scale bars 100 pm...

Fig. 23 Confocal laser scanning microscopic image of rhodamine-labeled SiP coated with PMMA brush The diameter of silica particle core is 230 nm, and the Mn of the graft polymer is 256000...

Loren, N., Langton, M., Hermansson, A.-M. (1999). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis of kinetically trapped phase-separated gelatin/maltodextrin gels. Food Hydrocolloids, 13, 185-198. 

Figure 8.23 (b) Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of potassium hydrogen phthalate with... 

Figure 4.10 A confocal laser scanning microscope image taken through the dorsal skinfold window chamber on a tie-2 GFP (green fluorescent protein) mouse. Two capillaries in which the endothelium is expressing GFP are shown in the image.

Veiro, J. A. and Cummins, P. G. (1994) Imaging of skin epidermis from various origins using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Clin. Lab. Invest. 189, 16-22. 

As a second imaging approach, confocal laser scanning microscopy was apphed to monitor the cross-sectional mixing of Rhodamine B solutions (99% ethanol) and pure 99% ethanol [58], Laser scanning over the entire cross-sectional area was performed and at various locations along the channel. 

Fig. 9 (a-c) Preparation of matrix-type polyelectrolyte capsules templated on CaCC>3 microparticles. (d, e) Scanning microscopy images of the CaCC>3 microparticles and the matrix-type capsules, respectively, (f) Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of the capsules loaded with fluores-cently labeled bovine serum albumin. Adapted from [111, 112]... 

Lawrence JR, Wolfaardt GM, Neu TR (1998) The study of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy In Wilkinson MHF, Schut F (eds) Digital Image Analysis of Microbes. Wiley, New York, p 431... 

Fluorescence microscope equipped with appropriate filter sets for detection of one or more fluorochromes and image capture system. If cells that grow flat are to be used, a conventional epifluorescence microscope is adequate. For thicker cells, a microscope equipped with a confocal laser scanning system is an advantage. 

Other methods of imaging fat crystals and fat crystal networks (not all of them optical) include confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, multiple photon microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy (Narine and Marangoni, 1999). 

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